Difference between revisions of "Advanced result complements "zhu", "kai", and "chulai""

 
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{{Grammar Box}}  
 
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Hopefully you're no stranger to the concept of [[result complement]]s by now, but there are a few that are less common and thus may have escaped direct scrutiny until now. This grammar point focuses on 住, 开, and 出(来) acting as result complements.
  
== Verb Followed by 住 ==
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== 住 as a Result Complement ==
  
住 can be used to express a "coming to a halt".
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住 can be used after a verb to express a "coming to a halt." These verbs are limited.  
 
 
=== Examples ===
 
  
 
<div class="liju">
 
<div class="liju">
*<em>站住</em>!你 不 能 走 !<span class="trans">Stop! You can't go!</span>
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*<strong>站</strong><em></em>!<span class="pinyin"><strong>Zhàn</strong><em>zhù</em>!</span><span class="trans">Stop!</span>
*<em>抓住</em> 那个 小偷 !<span class="trans">Catch that thief!</span>
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*<strong>抓</strong><em></em> 那个 小偷 !<span class="pinyin"><strong>Zhuā</strong><em>zhù</em> nàge xiǎotōu!</span><span class="trans">Catch that thief!</span>
*不 好意思,你 <em>挡住</em> 了 我 的 路 。<span class="trans">Excuse me. You're standing in my way.</span>
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*不 好意思 ,你 <strong>挡</strong><em></em> 了 我 的 路 。<span class="pinyin">Bù hǎoyìsi, nǐ <strong>dǎng</strong><em>zhù</em> le wǒ de lù.</span><span class="trans">Excuse me. You're standing in my way.</span>
*前面 两 辆 大卡车 <em>堵住</em> 了 整 条 路 。<span class="trans">The two trucks ahead are blocking the entire road.</span>
 
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
住 can be used to express "undertaking an action firmly" or "tightly".
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住 can also be used to express "undertaking an action firmly."
  
 
<div class="liju">
 
<div class="liju">
*大家 都 记 <em>住</em> 了 吗 ?<span class="trans">Has everyone kept that in mind yet?</span>
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*一定 要 <strong></strong><em>住</em> 我 的 话 。<span class="pinyin">Yīdìng yào <strong>jì</strong><em>zhù</em> wǒ de huà.</span><span class="trans">You must remember what I said.</span>
*你 必须 <em>抓住</em> 机会 。<span class="trans">You must seize the opportunity tightly.</span>
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*你 必须 <strong>抓</strong><em></em> 机会 。<span class="pinyin">Nǐ bìxū <strong>zhuā</strong><em>zhù</em> jīhuì.</span><span class="trans">You must seize the opportunity tightly.</span>
*<em>看住</em> 你 的 小狗,别 让 它 乱 跑。<span class="trans">Keep an eye on your dog. Don't let him just run around.</span>
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*<strong>忍</strong><em>住</em> !马上 就 好了 。<span class="pinyin"><strong>Rěn</strong><em>zhù</em>! Mǎshàng jiù hǎo le.</span><span class="trans">Hold on! It will be ready soon.</span>
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*<strong>坚持</strong> <em>住</em> !别 放弃 !<span class="pinyin"><strong>Jiānchí</strong> <em>zhù</em>! Bié fàngqì!</span><span class="trans">Persevere! Don't give up!</span>
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
== Verb Followed by 开 ==
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== 开 as Result Complement ==
  
(kāi) means "to open," but when used as a complement can mean different things with different verbs.
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开 means "to open" or "to turn on." It is used as a complement in this literal sense.
 
 
=== Examples ===
 
 
 
开 can be used literally to mean "open up" or "turn on":
 
  
 
<div class="liju">
 
<div class="liju">
*<em>张开</em> 嘴 。<span class="trans">Open your mouth.</span>
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*<strong>张</strong><em></em> 嘴 。<span class="pinyin"><strong>Zhāng</strong><em>kāi</em> zuǐ.</span><span class="trans">Open your mouth.</span>
*请 <em>打开</em> 课本 。<span class="trans">Please open your textbook.</span>
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*请 <strong>打</strong><em></em> <span class="pinyin">Qǐng <strong>dǎ</strong><em>kāi</em> shū.</span><span class="trans">Please open your book.</span>
*他 早上 一 <em>睁开</em> 眼 就 <em>打开</em> 手机 玩 游戏 。<span class="trans">He turned on his cell phone to play games as soon as he opened his eyes this morning.</span>
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*现在 请 你 <strong>睁</strong><em></em> 眼睛 。<span class="pinyin">Xiànzài qǐng nǐ <strong>zhēng</strong><em>kāi</em> yǎnjīng.</span><span class="trans">Please open your eyes now.</span>
 
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<div class="liju">
 
<div class="liju">
*<em>走开</em> !<span class="trans">Go away!</span>
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*<strong>走</strong><em></em> !<span class="pinyin"><strong>Zǒu</strong><em>kāi</em>!</span><span class="trans">Go away!</span>
*<em>放开</em> 我!<span class="trans">Let go of me!</span>
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*<strong>放</strong><em></em> 我 !<span class="pinyin"><strong>Fàng</strong><em>kāi</em> wǒ!</span><span class="trans">Let go of me!</span>
*这个 新闻 很快 <em>传开</em> 了 。<span class="trans">This news spread out very soon.</span>
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*这个 好消息 很快 <strong>传</strong><em></em> 了 。<span class="pinyin">Zhège hǎo xiāoxī hěn kuài <strong>chuán</strong><em>kāi</em> le.</span><span class="trans">This good news spread out very soon.</span>
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
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<div class="liju">
 
<div class="liju">
*<em>看开</em> 一点 ,生活 还是 要 继续 的 。<span class="trans">You should look on the bright side. Life still goes on.</span>
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*<strong>看</strong><em></em> 一点 。<span class="pinyin"><strong>Kàn</strong><em>kāi</em> yīdiǎn.</span><span class="trans">Cheer up.</span>
*这 件 事 他 一直 <em>想不开</em> 。<span class="trans">He hasn't been able to get this off his mind.</span>
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*<strong>想</strong><em></em> 一点 。<span class="pinyin"><strong>Xiǎng</strong><em>kāi</em> yīdiǎn.</span><span class="trans">Cheer up.</span>
*我们 把 问题 都 <em>说开</em> 了。<span class="trans">We talked about all the problems openly.</span>
 
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
== Verb Followed by 出来 ==
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== 出(来) as Result Complement ==
  
(来) can be used figuratively to mean "nothing to coming into being" or "to come up with".
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and 出来 can be used as complements to figuratively add a sense of "coming into being" or "coming up with."
 
 
=== Examples ===
 
  
 
<div class="liju">
 
<div class="liju">
  
*你 能 <em>出</em> 什么 好 办法 ?<span class="trans">What good ideas can you come up with?</span>
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*你 能 <strong>想</strong><em>出</em> 什么 好 办法 ?<span class="pinyin">Nǐ néng <strong>xiǎng</strong><em>chū</em> shénme hǎo bànfǎ?</span><span class="trans">What good ideas can you come up with?</span>
*别 猜 了,你们 肯定 <em>猜 不 出</em> 我 的 新 男朋友 是 谁 。<span class="trans">Stop guessing. There's no way for you to figure out who my new boy friend is.</span>
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*这些 数学 题 有点 难 ,我 花 了 一个 小时 才 <strong>做</strong><em>出来</em> 。<span class="pinyin">Zhèxiē shùxué tí yǒudiǎn nán, wǒ huā le yī gè xiǎoshí cái <strong>zuò</strong><em>chūlái</em>.</span><span class="trans">These math problems are a little bit difficult. It took me an hour to work them out.</span>
*这些 数学 题 有点 难 ,我 花 了 一个 小时 才 <em>出来</em> 。<span class="trans">These math problems are a little bit difficult. It took me an hour to work them out.</span>
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*你 觉得 他 能 <strong>猜</strong> <em>出来</em> 这 件 事 是 我 干 的 吗 ?<span class="pinyin">Nǐ juéde tā néng <strong>cāi</strong> <em>chūlái</em> zhè jiàn shì shì wǒ gàn de ma?</span><span class="trans">Do you think he can figure out I am the one who did this?</span>
*一万 字 的 文章 我 <em>写 不 出来</em> 。<span class="trans">I can't write a ten-thousand-word article.</span>
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*一万 字 的 文章 我 <strong>写 不</strong> <em>出来</em> 。<span class="pinyin">Yī wàn zì de wénzhāng wǒ <strong>xiě bu</strong> <em>chūlái</em>.</span><span class="trans">I can't write a ten-thousand-word article.</span>
  
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
跟感官动词搭配时,"出(来)"表示"to tell or to distinguish".
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When paired with verbs related to the senses, the complement 出(来) adds a sense of "to tell" or "to distinguish".
  
 
<div class="liju">
 
<div class="liju">
 
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*她 肯定 是 北方人,我 能 <strong>听</strong> <em>出来</em> 。<span class="pinyin">Tā kěndìng shì běifāng rén, wǒ néng <strong>tīng</strong> <em>chūlái</em>.</span><span class="trans">She must be from the north. I can hear it.</span>
*她 肯定 是 北方人,我 能 <em>出来</em> 。<span class="trans">She must be from the north. I can hear it.</span>
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*你 能 <strong>看</strong><em></em> 我 多大 吗 ?<span class="pinyin">Nǐ néng <strong>kàn</strong><em>chū</em> wǒ duōdà ma?</span><span class="trans">Can you tell how old I am?</span>
*你 能 <em>看 出来</em> 我 多大 吗 ?<span class="trans">Can you tell how old I am?</span>
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*菜 里面 有 味精 ,我 能 <strong>吃</strong> <em>出来</em> 。<span class="pinyin">Cài lǐmiàn yǒu wèijīng, wǒ néng <strong>chī</strong> <em>chūlái</em>.</span><span class="trans">The food has MSG in it. I can taste it.</span>
*菜 里面 有 味精 ,我 能 <em>出来</em> 。<span class="trans">Can you tell how old I am?</span>
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*这 个 东西 是 用 什么 做 的 ?你 能 <strong>摸</strong> <em>出来</em> 吗 ?<span class="pinyin">Zhège dōngxi shì yòng shénme zuò de? Nǐ néng <strong>mō</strong> <em>chūlái</em> ma?</span><span class="trans">What's this thing made of? Can you tell by feeling it?</span>
*这 个 东西 是 用 什么 做 的 ?你 能 <em>出来</em> 吗 ?<span class="trans">What's this thing made of? Can you feel it?</span>
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*你 抽烟 了 吧 ?别 骗 我 ,我 都 <strong>闻</strong> <em>出来</em> 了 。<span class="pinyin">Nǐ chōuyān le ba? Bié piàn wǒ, wǒ dōu <strong>wén</strong> <em>chūlái</em> le.</span><span class="trans">Were you smoking? Don't lie to me because I can smell it.</span>
*你 抽烟 了 吧 ?别 骗 我 ,我 都 <em>出来</em> 了 。<span class="trans">Were you smoking? Don't lie to me because I can smell it.</span>
 
 
 
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
== Verb Followed by 上 ==
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== See also ==
 
 
考上、住上、吃上、开上
 
 
 
==See also==
 
  
* [[Result complement]]
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* [[Result complements]]
 
* [[Potential complement]]
 
* [[Potential complement]]
  
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=== Books ===
 
=== Books ===
  
* [[New Practical Chinese Reader 3 (新实用汉语课本3)]] (pp. 135) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/756191251X/ref%3das_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399369&creativeASIN=756191251X →buy]
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{{Source|New Practical Chinese Reader 3 (新实用汉语课本3)|135}}
 
 
  
 
[[Category: B2 grammar points]]
 
[[Category: B2 grammar points]]
 
[[Category: Result complement]]
 
[[Category: Result complement]]
{{Basic Grammar|住|B2|Verb + 住|<em>抓住</em> 那个 小偷 !|grammar point|ASG4OM4T}}
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{{Basic Grammar|住|B2|Verb + 住 / 开 / 出(来)|<em>抓住</em> 那个 小偷 !|grammar point|ASG4OM4T}}
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{{Rel char|开}}
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{{Rel char|出来}}
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{{Rel char|出}}
 
{{Similar|Potential complement "-bu dong" for not understanding}}
 
{{Similar|Potential complement "-bu dong" for not understanding}}
 
{{Similar|Result complement}}
 
{{Similar|Result complement}}

Latest revision as of 03:29, 29 December 2020

Hopefully you're no stranger to the concept of result complements by now, but there are a few that are less common and thus may have escaped direct scrutiny until now. This grammar point focuses on 住, 开, and 出(来) acting as result complements.

住 as a Result Complement

住 can be used after a verb to express a "coming to a halt." These verbs are limited.

  • Zhànzhù!Stop!
  • 那个 小偷 !Zhuāzhù nàge xiǎotōu!Catch that thief!
  • 不 好意思 ,你 了 我 的 路 。Bù hǎoyìsi, nǐ dǎngzhù le wǒ de lù.Excuse me. You're standing in my way.

住 can also be used to express "undertaking an action firmly."

  • 一定 要 我 的 话 。Yīdìng yào zhù wǒ de huà.You must remember what I said.
  • 你 必须 机会 。Nǐ bìxū zhuāzhù jīhuì.You must seize the opportunity tightly.
  • !马上 就 好了 。Rěnzhù! Mǎshàng jiù hǎo le.Hold on! It will be ready soon.
  • 坚持 !别 放弃 !Jiānchí zhù! Bié fàngqì!Persevere! Don't give up!

开 as Result Complement

开 means "to open" or "to turn on." It is used as a complement in this literal sense.

  • 嘴 。Zhāngkāi zuǐ.Open your mouth.
  • 书 。Qǐng kāi shū.Please open your book.
  • 现在 请 你 眼睛 。Xiànzài qǐng nǐ zhēngkāi yǎnjīng.Please open your eyes now.

开 can be used to express an action that is occurring in a direction away from the speaker. When used in this sense, 开 is generally used with verbs involving releasing, unfolding or spreading out:

  • Zǒukāi!Go away!
  • 我 !Fàngkāi wǒ!Let go of me!
  • 这个 好消息 很快 了 。Zhège hǎo xiāoxī hěn kuài chuánkāi le.This good news spread out very soon.

开 can be also used to express solving a problem or getting a weight off one's mind.

  • 一点 。Kànkāi yīdiǎn.Cheer up.
  • 一点 。Xiǎngkāi yīdiǎn.Cheer up.

出(来) as Result Complement

出 and 出来 can be used as complements to figuratively add a sense of "coming into being" or "coming up with."

  • 你 能 什么 好 办法 ?Nǐ néng xiǎngchū shénme hǎo bànfǎ?What good ideas can you come up with?
  • 这些 数学 题 有点 难 ,我 花 了 一个 小时 才 出来Zhèxiē shùxué tí yǒudiǎn nán, wǒ huā le yī gè xiǎoshí cái zuòchūlái.These math problems are a little bit difficult. It took me an hour to work them out.
  • 你 觉得 他 能 出来 这 件 事 是 我 干 的 吗 ?Nǐ juéde tā néng cāi chūlái zhè jiàn shì shì wǒ gàn de ma?Do you think he can figure out I am the one who did this?
  • 一万 字 的 文章 我 写 不 出来Yī wàn zì de wénzhāng wǒ xiě bu chūlái.I can't write a ten-thousand-word article.

When paired with verbs related to the senses, the complement 出(来) adds a sense of "to tell" or "to distinguish".

  • 她 肯定 是 北方人,我 能 出来Tā kěndìng shì běifāng rén, wǒ néng tīng chūlái.She must be from the north. I can hear it.
  • 你 能 我 多大 吗 ?Nǐ néng kànchū wǒ duōdà ma?Can you tell how old I am?
  • 菜 里面 有 味精 ,我 能 出来Cài lǐmiàn yǒu wèijīng, wǒ néng chī chūlái.The food has MSG in it. I can taste it.
  • 这 个 东西 是 用 什么 做 的 ?你 能 出来 吗 ?Zhège dōngxi shì yòng shénme zuò de? Nǐ néng chūlái ma?What's this thing made of? Can you tell by feeling it?
  • 你 抽烟 了 吧 ?别 骗 我 ,我 都 出来 了 。Nǐ chōuyān le ba? Bié piàn wǒ, wǒ dōu wén chūlái le.Were you smoking? Don't lie to me because I can smell it.

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

HSK5