Expressing completion with "le"

Also known as: 了1, verb 了, completed action 了 and perfective aspect 了.

The particle 了 (le) has a lot of uses. One of the most common is to express the completion of an action. This is called aspect, which is not the same as tense. Tense is about when an action happens: past, present or future. With regards to 了 (le), aspect is about whether the action is complete in a certain time frame.

Most Basic Pattern

The simplest way to use 了 (le) is to just put it after a verb. When there's nothing else after the verb, there are no complications!

Structure

Subj. + Verb + 了

Examples

• 他们 到 了 。Tāmen dào le.They have arrived.
• 我 买 了 。Wǒ mǎi le.I've bought it.
• 我们 都 去 了 。Wǒmen dōu qù le.We all went.
• 我 找到 了 ！Wǒ zhǎodào le!I found it!

Putting 了 After a Verb with an Object

Here is where things start to get slightly more complicated. If the verb has an object, 了 (le) can go directly after the verb to indicate completion, but there are a few other conditions that should be met.

This pattern works if the sentence includes more information about the object, such as how many there are, or some additional adjectives describing the object. (The object can't be "bare," or unmodified.)

When Time is Specified

It's a good idea to specify the time anyway, if you're still getting used to Chinese verbs not indicating tenses by themselves. When you do this, it's generally OK to put the 了 (le) right after the verb and before the object.

= Structure

Subj. + Time + Verb + 了 + Obj.

Time + Subj. + Verb + 了 + Obj.

= Examples

• 我 今天 吃 了 早饭 。Wǒ jīntiān chī le zǎofàn.This morning I ate breakfast.
• 她 上个 月 去 了 北京 。Tā shàngge yuè qù le Běijīng.Last month she went to Beijing.
• 中午 我 见 了 朋友 。Zhōngwǔ wǒ jiàn le péngyou.At noon I met a friend.

When the Object's Quantity is Specified

It's a good idea to specify the time anyway, if you're still getting used to Chinese verbs not indicating tenses by themselves.

= Structure

Subj. + Time + Verb + 了 + Obj.

= Examples

• 老师 问 了 五 个 问题 。Lǎoshī wèn le wǔ gè wèntí.The teacher asked five questions.
• 我 买 了 三 本 书 。Wǒ mǎi le sān běn shū.I bought three books.
• 我 喝 了 两 杯 咖啡 。Wǒ hē le liǎng bēi kāfēi.I drank two cups of coffee.

Verb + Obj. + 了 Structure

So what if you don't want to add in lots of information describing the object? In this case, the 了 (le) can simply go after the object. You might think of it as the 了 (le) indicating completion "wanting to stay close to the verb."

Subj. + Verb + Obj. + 了

Verb + Obj. + 了 Examples

• 上个月 我 去 台湾 了 。Shàng gè yuè wǒ qù Táiwān le.I went to Taiwan last month.
• 昨天 晚上 我 看见 UFO 了 。 Zuótiān wǎnshang wǒ kànjiàn le UFO.I saw a UFO last night.

Putting 了 After Consecutive Actions

To keep things simple, we'll make the first action "coming" or "going" somewhere, which will be followed by another action. So we'll be using 来 (lái) or 去 (qù) plus a place in each sentence. For this type of "consecutive action," 了 (le) should be placed after the second verb (or verb phrase), which marks the completion of the entire sequence.

Structure

Subj. + 来 / 去 + Place + Verb / [Verb Phrase] + 了

Examples

• 昨天 她 来 我 家 吃饭 了 。Zuótiān tā lái wǒ jiā chīfàn le.She came to my place and ate dinner yesterday.
• 我们 上周 去 北京 开会 了 。Wǒmen shàng zhōu qù Běijīng kāihuì le.We went to Beijing and had a meeting there last week.
• 我 和 朋友 去 商场 买 衣服 了 。Wǒ hé péngyou qù shāngchǎng mǎi yīfu le.I went to the mall with my friend and bought some clothes.

Completion in the Future

The examples above indicate a completed action, but they might also seem very similar to a "past tense" in English. To illustrate that 了 (le) can also indicate that one action is completed before another in the future, see the following examples:

Some examples:

• 我 下课 了 以后 去 找 你 。future actionWǒ xiàkè le yǐhòu qù zhǎo nǐ .I will go find you after I finish class.
• 你 下班 了 以后 给 我 打 电话 。future actionNǐ ​xiàbān le yǐhòu gěi wǒ dǎ diànhuà.After you get off work, give me a call.
• 你 到 了 以后 告诉 我 。future actionNǐ dào le yǐhòu gàosu wǒ.After you have arrived, tell me.

As you can see, 了 (le) can appear in sentences about the future as well as the past. What's important is whether or not the action has been completed, no matter what time frame we're talking about. This also means that this 了 (le) isn't used with habitual or continuous actions.

See also

• Expressing experiences with verbs
• Uses of "le"
• Using "guo" with "le"

Sources and further reading

Books

• Basic Patterns of Chinese Grammar (pp. 65-8) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy
• Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition (pp. 57-9) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy
• Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (3rd ed) (pp. 137-9, 208) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy
• Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 11-4) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy
• Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar (pp. 185-217) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy
• New Practical Chinese Reader 1 (新实用汉语课本1) (pp. 199-200) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy
• New Practical Chinese Reader 1 (新实用汉语课本1)(2nd ed) (pp. 226-8) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy
• New Practical Chinese Reader 2 (新实用汉语课本2) (pp. 16-8) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy
• 40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课上册） (pp. 156-7) [ →buy]

Websites

• Yale: The Perfective –Le了 Versus The Modal Particle Le了