Difference between revisions of "Non-exhaustive lists with "dengdeng""

 
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{{Grammar Box}}  
 
{{Grammar Box}}  
  
等等 (děng děng), or simply 等 (děng), is just like saying “and so on” or “etc.” in English, but just a bit more formal.  Both are placed after listing a series of items (generally with a list that exceeds two items).
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等等 (děng děng) or simply 等 (děng), is just like saying “and so on” or “etc.” in English, but it's just a bit more formal.  Both are placed after listing a series of items (generally with a list that exceeds two items).
  
== Basic Usage ==
+
== Structure ==
  
The basic structure is easy. Just make a list of things, and add 等 (děng) or 等等 (děng děng) to the end of the list. It's the same as in English when we use "etc." at the end of a list.  
+
The basic structure is easy. Just make a list of things and add 等 (děng) or 等等 (děng děng) to the end of the list. It's the same as in English when we use "etc." at the end of a list, except in Chinese you don't put a final comma before the 等 or 等等.
 
 
=== Structure ===
 
  
 
<div class="jiegou">
 
<div class="jiegou">
A1,A2⋯⋯等 / 等等
+
A1,A2 ⋯⋯ 等 / 等等
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
=== Examples ===
+
== Examples ==
  
 
<div class="liju">
 
<div class="liju">
  
*西瓜、菠萝、苹果、葡萄 <em>等等</em> 都 是 我 喜欢 的 水果 。 <span class="pinyin">Xīguā, bōluó, píngguǒ, pútáo <em>děngděng</em> dōu shì wǒ xǐhuan de shuǐguǒ.</span><span class="trans">Watermelons, pineapples, apples, grapes and so on are all the fruits that I like.</span>
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*西瓜、菠萝、葡萄 <em>等等</em> ,我 都 喜欢 。 <span class="pinyin">Xīguā, bōluó, pútao, <em>děngděng</em>,  wǒ dōu xǐhuan chī.</span><span class="trans">Watermelons, pineapples, grapes, and so on... I like them all.</span>
*我 的 男朋友 会 说 多 外语 , 英语、法语、西班牙语 <em>等等</em> 。 <span class="pinyin">Wǒ de nánpéngyou huì shuō hěn duō wàiyǔ, Yīngyǔ, Fǎyǔ, Xībānyáyǔ <em>děngděng</em>.</span><span class="trans">My boyfriend can speak many foreign languages: English, French, Spanish, etc.</span>
+
*我 爸爸 喜欢 运动 ,比如 跑步、游泳、打羽毛球 <em>等等</em> 。<span class="pinyin">Wǒ bàba hěn xǐhuan yùndòng, bǐrú pǎobù, yóuyǒng, dǎ yǔmáoqiú, <em>děngděng</em>.</span><span class="trans">My father likes different sports, for example, running, swimming, playing badminton, etc.</span>
*我 很 喜欢 运动,比如 跑步、游泳、做瑜伽 <em>等等</em> 。<span class="pinyin">Wǒ hěn xǐhuan yùndòng, bǐrú pǎobù, yóuyǒng, zuò yújiā <em>děngděng</em>.</span><span class="trans">I like exercising very much, for example, running, swimming, doing yoga, etc.</span>
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*<span class="spaced">Bruce Li、Jackie Chan、Jet Li </span> <em></em> 都 是 功夫 明星 。 <span class="pinyin">Bruce Li, Jackie Chan, Jet Li <em>děng</em> dōu shì gōngfu míngxīng.</span><span class="trans">Bruce Li, Jackie Chan, Jet Li, etc. are all kung fu stars.</span>
*我们 公司 有 好几 个 部门,市场部、客户部、技术部 <em></em> 。<span class="pinyin">Wǒmen gōngsī yǒu hǎojǐ gè bùmén, shìchǎng bù, kèhù bù, jìshù bù <em>děng</em>.</span><span class="trans">Our company has several departments: marketing department, client department, technology department, etc.</span>
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*我们 公司 有 市场部、设计部、技术部 <em>等等</em> 。<span class="pinyin">Wǒmen gōngsī yǒu shìchǎng bù, shèjì bù, jìshù bù <em>děngděng</em>.</span><span class="trans">Our company has a marketing department, design department, technology department, etc.</span>
*<span class="spaced">Jackie Chan、Jet Li、Bruce Li</span> <em>等</em> 都 是 中国 有名 的 功夫 明星 。 <span class="pinyin">Jackie Chan, Jet Li, Bruce Li <em>děng</em> dōu shì Zhōngguó yǒumíng de gōngfu míngxīng.</span><span class="trans">Jackie Chan, Jet Li, Bruce Li, etc. are all famous Chinese martial arts stars.</span>
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*联合国 的 工作 语言 有 英语、法语、西班牙语 <em>等</em> 。<span class="pinyin">Liánhéguó de gōngzuò yǔyán yǒu Yīngyǔ, Fǎyǔ, Xībānyáyǔ <em>děng</em>.</span><span class="trans">The working languages of the UN are English, French, Spanish, etc.</span>
  
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
== Used before Certain Category ==
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等 (děng) can also be added to the end of a list and is followed by a noun that represents the list. In this case, you can only use :
 
 
Occasionally, 等 (děng) is added to the end of a list and is followed by a noun that represents the list. For example, if the list is a series of countries, 等 (děng) would be followed by 国家 (guójiā).
 
 
 
=== Structure ===
 
  
 
<div class="jiegou">
 
<div class="jiegou">
A1,A2⋯⋯等 + [Category]
+
A1,A2 ⋯⋯ 等 + [Category] + Predicate
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
=== Examples ===
+
The [[predicate]] part of the pattern can be a verb or an adjective.
  
 
<div class="liju">
 
<div class="liju">
  
*长城、故宫 <em>等</em> 地方 都 是 北京 有名 的 景点 。 <span class="pinyin">Chángchéng, Gùgōng <em>děng</em> dìfang dōu shì Běijīng yǒumíng de jǐngdiǎn.</span><span class="trans">The Great Wall, the Forbidden City, etc. are all famous scenic spots in Beijing.</span>
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*长城、故宫 <em>等</em> 景点 都 是 北京 有名 的 景点 。 <span class="pinyin">Chángchéng, Gùgōng <em>děng</em> jǐngdiǎn dōu shì Běijīng yǒumíng de jǐngdiǎn.</span><span class="trans">The Great Wall, the Forbidden City, etc. are all famous tourist attractions in Beijing.</span>
*北京、上海、广州 <em>等</em> 城市 的 经济 都 很 发达 。<span class="pinyin">Běijīng, Shànghǎi, Guǎngzhōu <em>děng</em> chéngshì de jīngjì dōu hěn fādá.</span><span class="trans">Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and so on are economically developed cities.</span>
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*北京、上海、广州 <em>等</em> 城市 的 经济 都 很 发达 。<span class="pinyin">Běijīng, Shànghǎi, Guǎngzhōu <em>děng</em> chéngshì de jīngjì dōu hěn fādá.</span><span class="trans">Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and so on are economically developed cities.</span>
*牛津、剑桥 <em>等</em> 大学 是 英国 最 有名 的大学 。<span class="pinyin">Niújīn, Jiànqiáo <em>děng</em> dàxué shì Yīngguó zuì yǒumíng de dàxué.</span><span class="trans">Oxford, Cambridge and so on are the most famous British Universities.</span>
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*牛津、剑桥 <em>等</em> 大学 是 英国 最 有名 的大学 。<span class="pinyin">Niújīn, Jiànqiáo <em>děng</em> dàxué shì Yīngguó zuì yǒumíng de dàxué.</span><span class="trans">Oxford, Cambridge and so on are the most famous British universities.</span>
 
*中国、印度、巴西 <em>等</em> 国家 都 是 发展中 国家 。<span class="pinyin">Zhōngguó, Yìndù, Bāxī <em>děng</em> guójiā dōu shì fāzhǎn zhōng guójiā.</span><span class="trans">China, India, Brazil and so on are all developing countries.</span>
 
*中国、印度、巴西 <em>等</em> 国家 都 是 发展中 国家 。<span class="pinyin">Zhōngguó, Yìndù, Bāxī <em>děng</em> guójiā dōu shì fāzhǎn zhōng guójiā.</span><span class="trans">China, India, Brazil and so on are all developing countries.</span>
*食品安全、环保、和平<em>等</em> 话题 都是 热点 话题 。<span class="pinyin">Shípǐn ānquán, huánbǎo, hépíng <em>děng</em> huàtí dōu shì rèdiǎn huàtí.</span><span class="trans">Food safety, environmental protection, peace and so on are all hot topics.</span>
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*食品 安全、空气 污染、人工 智能 <em>等</em> 话题 都是 热点 话题 。<span class="pinyin">Shípǐn ānquán, kōngqì wūrǎn, réngōng zhìnéng <em>děng</em> huàtí dōu shì rèdiǎn huàtí.</span><span class="trans">Food safety, air pollution, artificial intelligence, and so on are all hot topics.</span>
  
 
</div>
 
</div>
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[[Category:B1 grammar points]]
 
[[Category:B1 grammar points]]
{{Basic Grammar|等|B1|⋯⋯等 / 等等|我们 有 茶,牛奶,可乐 <em>等</em>。|grammar point|ASGF763H}}
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{{HSK|HSK4}}
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{{Basic Grammar|等|B1|⋯⋯ 等 / 等等|长城、故宫 <em>等</em> 地方 都 是 北京 有名 的 景点 。 |grammar point|ASGF763H}}
 
{{Rel char|等等}}
 
{{Rel char|等等}}
 
{{Similar|Ending a Non-Exhaustive List with "shenme de"}}   
 
{{Similar|Ending a Non-Exhaustive List with "shenme de"}}   

Latest revision as of 08:41, 17 April 2019

等等 (děng děng) or simply 等 (děng), is just like saying “and so on” or “etc.” in English, but it's just a bit more formal. Both are placed after listing a series of items (generally with a list that exceeds two items).

Structure

The basic structure is easy. Just make a list of things and add 等 (děng) or 等等 (děng děng) to the end of the list. It's the same as in English when we use "etc." at the end of a list, except in Chinese you don't put a final comma before the 等 or 等等.

A1,A2 ⋯⋯ 等 / 等等

Examples

  • 西瓜、菠萝、葡萄 等等 ,我 都 喜欢 吃 。 Xīguā, bōluó, pútao, děngděng, wǒ dōu xǐhuan chī.Watermelons, pineapples, grapes, and so on... I like them all.
  • 我 爸爸 很 喜欢 运动 ,比如 跑步、游泳、打羽毛球 等等Wǒ bàba hěn xǐhuan yùndòng, bǐrú pǎobù, yóuyǒng, dǎ yǔmáoqiú, děngděng.My father likes different sports, for example, running, swimming, playing badminton, etc.
  • Bruce Li、Jackie Chan、Jet Li 都 是 功夫 明星 。 Bruce Li, Jackie Chan, Jet Li děng dōu shì gōngfu míngxīng.Bruce Li, Jackie Chan, Jet Li, etc. are all kung fu stars.
  • 我们 公司 有 市场部、设计部、技术部 等等Wǒmen gōngsī yǒu shìchǎng bù, shèjì bù, jìshù bù děngděng.Our company has a marketing department, design department, technology department, etc.
  • 联合国 的 工作 语言 有 英语、法语、西班牙语 Liánhéguó de gōngzuò yǔyán yǒu Yīngyǔ, Fǎyǔ, Xībānyáyǔ děng.The working languages of the UN are English, French, Spanish, etc.

等 (děng) can also be added to the end of a list and is followed by a noun that represents the list. In this case, you can only use 等:

A1,A2 ⋯⋯ 等 + [Category] + Predicate

The predicate part of the pattern can be a verb or an adjective.

  • 长城、故宫 景点 都 是 北京 有名 的 景点 。 Chángchéng, Gùgōng děng jǐngdiǎn dōu shì Běijīng yǒumíng de jǐngdiǎn.The Great Wall, the Forbidden City, etc. are all famous tourist attractions in Beijing.
  • 北京、上海、广州 城市 的 经济 都 很 发达 。Běijīng, Shànghǎi, Guǎngzhōu děng chéngshì de jīngjì dōu hěn fādá.Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and so on are economically developed cities.
  • 牛津、剑桥 大学 是 英国 最 有名 的大学 。Niújīn, Jiànqiáo děng dàxué shì Yīngguó zuì yǒumíng de dàxué.Oxford, Cambridge and so on are the most famous British universities.
  • 中国、印度、巴西 国家 都 是 发展中 国家 。Zhōngguó, Yìndù, Bāxī děng guójiā dōu shì fāzhǎn zhōng guójiā.China, India, Brazil and so on are all developing countries.
  • 食品 安全、空气 污染、人工 智能 话题 都是 热点 话题 。Shípǐn ānquán, kōngqì wūrǎn, réngōng zhìnéng děng huàtí dōu shì rèdiǎn huàtí.Food safety, air pollution, artificial intelligence, and so on are all hot topics.

See also

Sources and further reading

Books