Difference between revisions of "Reference:A Practical Chinese Grammar For Foreigners (外国人实用汉语语法)"

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==Chapter Five  The Simple Sentence....................................................................330==
 
==Chapter Five  The Simple Sentence....................................................................330==
*Definition..................................................................................................................330
+
*Definition
*The basic structure of the simple sentence..........................................................330
+
*The basic structure of the simple sentence
*Functions of the simple sentence..........................................................................333
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*Functions of the simple sentence
*The classification of sentences.............................................................................333
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*The classification of sentences
 
===Part One  Classification of sentences in terms of structure......................334===
 
===Part One  Classification of sentences in terms of structure......................334===
*Section I Sentences with verbal predicates..................................................334
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*Section I Sentences with verbal predicates
*Section II         Sentences with adjectival predicates...........................................339
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*Section II         Sentences with adjectival predicates
*Section III Sentences with nominal predicates..............................................342
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*Section III Sentences with nominal predicates
*Section IV The sentence with an S-P phrase as the predicate.....................346
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*Section IV The sentence with an S-P phrase as the predicate
*Table 4:          The Four Types of Subject-Predicate Sentence..........................352
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*Table 4:          The Four Types of Subject-Predicate Sentence
*Section V      The subjectless sentence...............................................................354
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*Section V      The subjectless sentence
*Section VI The one-word/phrase sentence.....................................................357
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*Section VI The one-word/phrase sentence
*Section VII The elliptical sentence.....................................................................361
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*Section VII The elliptical sentence
*Table 5:          The Three Kinds of Non S-P Sentence.........................................363
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*Table 5:          The Three Kinds of Non S-P Sentence
 
===Part Two Classification of sentences in terms of function........................365===
 
===Part Two Classification of sentences in terms of function........................365===
*Section VIII The declarative sentence................................................................365
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*Section VIII The declarative sentence
*Section IX The interrogative sentence.............................................................368
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*Section IX The interrogative sentence
*Table 6:          The Five Types of Questions..........................................................395
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*Table 6:          The Five Types of Questions
*Section X      The imperative sentence.................................................................396
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*Section X      The imperative sentence
*Section XI The exclamatory sentence..............................................................399
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*Section XI The exclamatory sentence
*Table 7: The Four Kind of Sentence Classified in Terms of Function.......402
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*Table 7: The Four Kind of Sentence Classified in Terms of Function
  
 
==Chapter Six Aspects of an Action........................................................................403==
 
==Chapter Six Aspects of an Action........................................................................403==

Revision as of 09:36, 9 November 2011

Chapter One Introduction …………………….....................................................1

Chapter Two Parts of Speech…………………….............................................11

  • Words
  • Classification of words
  • Conversion of parts of speech
  • Section I Nouns
  • Section II Verbs
  • Section III Auxiliary verbs
  • Section IV Adjectives
  • Section V Numerals
  • Section VI Measure words
  • Section VII Pronouns
  • Section VIII Adverbs
  • Section IX Prepositions
  • Section X Conjunctions
  • Section XI Particles
  • Section XII Interjections
  • Section XIII Onomatopes
  • Table 1: Relationships Between the Parts of Speech

and the Elements of a Sentence

Chapter Three Phrases........................................................................................155

  • Phrases
  • Classification of phrases
  • The basis for classifying phrases
  • Section I The coordinative phrase
  • Section II The Subject – Predicate phrase
  • Section III The Verb – Object phrase
  • Section IV The endocentric phrase
  • Section V The Numeral – Measure word phrase
  • Section VI The complementary phrase
  • Section VII The phrase of locality
  • Section VIII The appositive phrase
  • Section IX The set phrase
  • Section X The prepositional phrase
  • Section XI The 的- phrase
  • Table 2: Phrases and Their Functions

Chapter Four Sentence elements.......................................................................228

  • Section I The subject
  • Section II The predicate
  • Section III The object
  • Section IV The attributive
  • Section V Adverbial adjuncts
  • Section VI Complements
  • Table 3: Relationship of Different Parts of Speech and

Phrases with Complements of Different Kinds ...

Chapter Five The Simple Sentence....................................................................330

  • Definition
  • The basic structure of the simple sentence
  • Functions of the simple sentence
  • The classification of sentences

Part One Classification of sentences in terms of structure......................334

  • Section I Sentences with verbal predicates
  • Section II Sentences with adjectival predicates
  • Section III Sentences with nominal predicates
  • Section IV The sentence with an S-P phrase as the predicate
  • Table 4: The Four Types of Subject-Predicate Sentence
  • Section V The subjectless sentence
  • Section VI The one-word/phrase sentence
  • Section VII The elliptical sentence
  • Table 5: The Three Kinds of Non S-P Sentence

Part Two Classification of sentences in terms of function........................365

  • Section VIII The declarative sentence
  • Section IX The interrogative sentence
  • Table 6: The Five Types of Questions
  • Section X The imperative sentence
  • Section XI The exclamatory sentence
  • Table 7: The Four Kind of Sentence Classified in Terms of Function

Chapter Six Aspects of an Action........................................................................403

  • Definition...................................................................................................................403
  • Common ways to indicate the aspect of an action...............................................404
  • Section I The progressive aspect of an action..............................................405
  • Section II The continuous aspect of an action................................................414
  • Section III The perfect aspect of an action.......................................................423
  • Section IV The changing aspect of an action...................................................431
  • Section V Actions as past experience.............................................................435
  • Table 8: The Five Aspects of an Action..................................................................441

Chapter Seven Sentences with Special Verbal Predicates..............................445

  • Section I The 是-sentence................................................................................446
  • Section II The 有-sentence................................................................................455
  • Section III The 把-sentence................................................................................461
  • Section IV The 被-sentence................................................................................470
  • Section V Sentences with verbal constructions in series...............................477
  • Section VI Pivotal sentences..............................................................................485
  • Section VII Existential sentences........................................................................496
  • Table 9: Sentences with Special Verb Predicates...............................................505

Chapter Eight Ways of Expressing Comparison.................................................510

  • Section I Using 比 to express comparison....................................................511
  • Section II Using 跟 to express comparison....................................................525
  • Section III Using 有 to express comparison....................................................531
  • Section IV Using 像 to express comparison....................................................537
  • Section V Using 不如 to express comparison................................................543
  • Section VI Using 越来越 to express comparison............................................547
  • Table 10: Six Ways of Expressing Comparison............................................551

Chapter Nine Ways of Expressing Emphasis.....................................................557

  • Section I Using interrogative pronouns to express emphasis....................558
  • Section II Using 连….都(也)to express emphasis...................................562
  • Section III Using the adverb 是 to express emphasis...................................566
  • Section IV Using the adverb 就 to express emphasis...................................570
  • Section V Using double negation to express emphasis...............................572
  • Section VI Using 是….的 to express emphasis..............................................577
  • Table 11: Six Ways to Express Emphasis.....................................................580

Chapter Ten Complex Sentences......................................................................583

  • Definition..................................................................................................................583
  • Grammatical features..............................................................................................583
  • Types of complex sentences..................................................................................586
  • Section I Coordinate complex sentences.....................................................588
  • Section II Coordinate complex sentences and correlatives.........................595
  • Section III Subordinate complex sentences....................................................608
  • Section IV Subordinate complex sentences and correlatives.......................617
  • Section V The contracted sentence................................................................638

Appendix I Grammatical Terms..........................................................................646

Appendix II Reference Books.............................................................................652