Reference:A Practical Chinese Grammar For Foreigners (外国人实用汉语语法)

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Chapter One Introduction …………………….....................................................1

Chapter Two Parts of Speech…………………….............................................11

  • Words......................................................................................................................11
  • Classification of words..........................................................................................12
  • Conversion of parts of speech..............................................................................12
  • Section I Nouns...............................................................................................16
  • Section II Verbs...............................................................................................26
  • Section III Auxiliary verbs.................................................................................41
  • Section IV Adjectives........................................................................................48
  • Section V Numerals..........................................................................................58
  • Section VI Measure words................................................................................73
  • Section VII Pronouns..........................................................................................95
  • Section VIII Adverbs...........................................................................................105
  • Section IX Prepositions....................................................................................116
  • Section X Conjunctions....................................................................................123
  • Section XI Particles ..........................................................................................131
  • Section XII Interjections.....................................................................................146
  • Section XIII Onomatopes...................................................................................150
  • Table 1: Relationships Between the Parts of Speech
and the Elements of a Sentence..........................................................................154

Chapter Three Phrases........................................................................................155

  • Phrases....................................................................................................................155
  • Classification of phrases........................................................................................155
  • The basis for classifying phrases..........................................................................156
  • Section I The coordinative phrase.................................................................157
  • Section II The Subject – Predicate phrase....................................................165
  • Section III The Verb – Object phrase..............................................................170
  • Section IV The endocentric phrase..................................................................174
  • Section V The Numeral – Measure word phrase..........................................181
  • Section VI The complementary phrase...........................................................190
  • Section VII The phrase of locality......................................................................197
  • Section VIII The appositive phrase....................................................................205
  • Section IX The set phrase.................................................................................208
  • Section X The prepositional phrase................................................................213
  • Section XI The 的- phrase.................................................................................222
  • Table 2: Phrases and Their Functions..................................................................226

Chapter Four Sentence elements.......................................................................228

  • Section I The subject.......................................................................................229
  • Section II The predicate...................................................................................235
  • Section III The object.........................................................................................243
  • Section IV The attributive...................................................................................253
  • Section V Adverbial adjuncts...........................................................................261
  • Section VI Complements..................................................................................271
  • Table 3: Relationship of Different Parts of Speech and

Phrases with Complements of Different Kinds....................................................328 ...

Chapter Five The Simple Sentence....................................................................330

  • Definition..................................................................................................................330
  • The basic structure of the simple sentence..........................................................330
  • Functions of the simple sentence..........................................................................333
  • The classification of sentences.............................................................................333

Part One Classification of sentences in terms of structure................................334

  • Section I Sentences with verbal predicates..................................................334
  • Section II Sentences with adjectival predicates...........................................339
  • Section III Sentences with nominal predicates..............................................342
  • Section IV The sentence with an S-P phrase as the predicate.....................346
  • Table 4: The Four Types of Subject-Predicate Sentence..........................352
  • Section V The subjectless sentence...............................................................354
  • Section VI The one-word/phrase sentence.....................................................357
  • Section VII The elliptical sentence.....................................................................361
  • Table 5: The Three Kinds of Non S-P Sentence.........................................363

Part Two Classification of sentences in terms of function............................365

  • Section VIII The declarative sentence................................................................365
  • Section IX The interrogative sentence.............................................................368
  • Table 6: The Five Types of Questions..........................................................395
  • Section X The imperative sentence.................................................................396
  • Section XI The exclamatory sentence..............................................................399
  • Table 7: The Four Kind of Sentence Classified in Terms of Function.......402

Chapter Six Aspects of an Action........................................................................403

  • Definition...................................................................................................................403
  • Common ways to indicate the aspect of an action...............................................404
  • Section I The progressive aspect of an action..............................................405
  • Section II The continuous aspect of an action................................................414
  • Section III The perfect aspect of an action.......................................................423
  • Section IV The changing aspect of an action...................................................431
  • Section V Actions as past experience.............................................................435
  • Table 8: The Five Aspects of an Action..................................................................441

Chapter Seven Sentences with Special Verbal Predicates..............................445

  • Section I The 是-sentence................................................................................446
  • Section II The 有-sentence................................................................................455
  • Section III The 把-sentence................................................................................461
  • Section IV The 被-sentence................................................................................470
  • Section V Sentences with verbal constructions in series...............................477
  • Section VI Pivotal sentences..............................................................................485
  • Section VII Existential sentences........................................................................496
  • Table 9: Sentences with Special Verb Predicates...............................................505

Chapter Eight Ways of Expressing Comparison.................................................510

  • Section I Using 比 to express comparison....................................................511
  • Section II Using 跟 to express comparison....................................................525
  • Section III Using 有 to express comparison....................................................531
  • Section IV Using 像 to express comparison....................................................537
  • Section V Using 不如 to express comparison................................................543
  • Section VI Using 越来越 to express comparison............................................547
  • Table 10: Six Ways of Expressing Comparison............................................551

Chapter Nine Ways of Expressing Emphasis.....................................................557

  • Section I Using interrogative pronouns to express emphasis....................558
  • Section II Using 连….都(也)to express emphasis...................................562
  • Section III Using the adverb 是 to express emphasis...................................566
  • Section IV Using the adverb 就 to express emphasis...................................570
  • Section V Using double negation to express emphasis...............................572
  • Section VI Using 是….的 to express emphasis..............................................577
  • Table 11: Six Ways to Express Emphasis.....................................................580

Chapter Ten Complex Sentences......................................................................583

  • Definition..................................................................................................................583
  • Grammatical features..............................................................................................583
  • Types of complex sentences..................................................................................586
  • Section I Coordinate complex sentences.....................................................588
  • Section II Coordinate complex sentences and correlatives.........................595
  • Section III Subordinate complex sentences....................................................608
  • Section IV Subordinate complex sentences and correlatives.......................617
  • Section V The contracted sentence................................................................638

Appendix I Grammatical Terms..........................................................................646

Appendix II Reference Books.............................................................................652