Difference between revisions of "State complement"
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{{AKA|状态补语 (zhuàngtài bǔyǔ)|情态补语 (qíngtài bǔyǔ)|complement of state}} | {{AKA|状态补语 (zhuàngtài bǔyǔ)|情态补语 (qíngtài bǔyǔ)|complement of state}} | ||
| − | State complements describe an achieved state of an action. State complements are usually adjective | + | State complements describe an achieved state of an action. State complements are usually [[adjective phrase]]s ([[adverb]] + [[adjective]]) but can take the form of [[verb phrase]]s, subject-predicate phrases, or other [[complement]]s. State complements that are adjective phrases often look the same as degree complements and thus are often lumped together with [[degree complement]]s in textbooks. <!-- However, often state complements take a very distinct form of complement (such as entire verb phrases that serve as state complements) which is why they are sometimes categorized as a distinct form of complement. State complement phrases can be quite complex, at times having entire complement phrases act as the state complement. It may be useful to think of more complex complement phrases as meaning "(verb) to the point of (complement)." --> |
== Adjective as State Complements == | == Adjective as State Complements == | ||
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In a state complement phrase, the verb must be followed by 得, and then the complement follows. The most common type of state complement, where the complement is an adjective phrase, is formed by placing the adjective phrase after 得. | In a state complement phrase, the verb must be followed by 得, and then the complement follows. The most common type of state complement, where the complement is an adjective phrase, is formed by placing the adjective phrase after 得. | ||
| − | + | Sometimes there is also an adverb before the adjective, such as 很, 非常, 不太, 有点, etc. | |
| + | |||
| + | === Structure === | ||
| + | |||
| + | <div class="jiegou"> | ||
| + | Verb / Adj. + 得 + State Complement | ||
| + | </div> | ||
=== Examples === | === Examples === | ||
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</div> | </div> | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
If the verb taking a complement also has an object, you can repeat the verb: once for the object, then once for the complement: | If the verb taking a complement also has an object, you can repeat the verb: once for the object, then once for the complement: | ||
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<div class="liju"> | <div class="liju"> | ||
| − | *弟弟 <strong>做</strong> 作业 <strong>做</strong> <em>得 很 慢</em> 。 | + | *弟弟 <strong>做</strong> 作业 <strong>做</strong> <em>得 很 慢</em> 。<span class="trans">My younger brother does his homework very slowly.</span> |
| − | *他 <strong>打</strong> 篮球 <strong>打</strong> <em>得 非常 好</em> 。<span class="trans">He | + | *他 <strong>打</strong> 篮球 <strong>打</strong> <em>得 非常 好</em> 。<span class="trans">He is very good at basketball.</span> |
| − | *妈妈 <strong>洗</strong> 衣服 <strong>洗</strong> <em>得 干 不 干净</em> ？<span class="trans">Did mother wash the clothes well [clean]?</span> | + | *妈妈 <strong>洗</strong> 衣服 <strong>洗</strong> <em>得 干 不 干净</em> ？<span class="trans">Did mother wash the clothes well [get them clean]?</span> |
*我们 班 谁 <strong>说</strong> 汉语 <strong>说</strong> <em>得 最 流利</em> ？<span class="trans">Who speaks Chinese most fluently in our class?</span> | *我们 班 谁 <strong>说</strong> 汉语 <strong>说</strong> <em>得 最 流利</em> ？<span class="trans">Who speaks Chinese most fluently in our class?</span> | ||
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Verb phrases (VP), subject-predicate phrases (SP) can also serve as complements of state. As with adjective phrase state complements, they can describe a state that arose from the action of the main verb in the sentence. | Verb phrases (VP), subject-predicate phrases (SP) can also serve as complements of state. As with adjective phrase state complements, they can describe a state that arose from the action of the main verb in the sentence. | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Structure === | ||
| + | |||
| + | <div class="jiegou"> | ||
| + | Verb / Adj. + 得 + State Complement | ||
| + | </div> | ||
=== Examples === | === Examples === | ||
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<div class="liju"> | <div class="liju"> | ||
| − | *我 <strong>累</strong> <em>得 </em> | + | *我 <strong>累</strong> <em>得 不 想 说话 </em>。 <span class="trans">I was so tired that I didn't want to talk.</span> |
| − | *我 的 牙 <strong>疼</strong> | + | *我 的 牙 <strong>疼</strong> <em>得 我 睡 不 着</em> 。 <span class="trans">My teeth aches to the point where I can't sleep.</span> |
| − | *听到 这个 消息 ，她 <strong>激动</strong> | + | *听到 这个 消息 ，她 <strong>激动</strong> <em>得 哭 了 起来</em> 。<span class="trans">Hearing this news, she was excited to point where she started crying.</span> |
</div> | </div> | ||
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== More Advanced State Complements == | == More Advanced State Complements == | ||
| − | + | === Structure === | |
| + | |||
| + | <div class="jiegou"> | ||
| + | Verb / Adj. + 得 + State Complement | ||
| + | </div> | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Examples === | ||
| + | |||
| + | <div class="liju"> | ||
| + | |||
*天气 <strong>热</strong> <em> 得 我 只 想 待 在 空调 房 里 </em> 。<span class="trans">The weather is hot to the point where I only want to stay in the room with AC.</span> | *天气 <strong>热</strong> <em> 得 我 只 想 待 在 空调 房 里 </em> 。<span class="trans">The weather is hot to the point where I only want to stay in the room with AC.</span> | ||
*地铁 <strong>挤</strong> <em> 得 有的 人 下 不 去 </em> 。<span class="trans">The metro was crowded to the point where some people couldn't get off.</span> | *地铁 <strong>挤</strong> <em> 得 有的 人 下 不 去 </em> 。<span class="trans">The metro was crowded to the point where some people couldn't get off.</span> | ||
| + | *他 <strong>忙</strong> 得 <em>忘 了 给 女儿 买 生日 礼物</em> 。 <span class="trans">He's so busy that he forgot to buy her daughter a birthday present.</span> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
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=== Books === | === Books === | ||
| + | {{Source|HSK Standard Course 2|92}} | ||
| + | {{Source|HSK Standard Course 3|138}} | ||
* [[New Practical Chinese Reader 2 (新实用汉语课本2)]] (pp. 15-6) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/7561911297/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399369&creativeASIN=7561911297 →buy] | * [[New Practical Chinese Reader 2 (新实用汉语课本2)]] (pp. 15-6) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/7561911297/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399369&creativeASIN=7561911297 →buy] | ||
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* About Chinese Language, XCN Chinese [http://www.xcn-chinese.com/app/showarticle.asp?id=2169&includeid=&siteid= The Complement of State] | * About Chinese Language, XCN Chinese [http://www.xcn-chinese.com/app/showarticle.asp?id=2169&includeid=&siteid= The Complement of State] | ||
| + | * [http://www.doc88.com/p-9069095291857.html 现代汉语中程度补语的范围及类别] | ||
| + | * [http://www.docin.com/p-1196439776.html 带“得”字程度补语和状态补语的比较分析] | ||
[[Category:Complements]] | [[Category:Complements]] | ||
| + | {{HSK|HSK2}} | ||
| + | {{HSK|HSK3}} | ||
Revision as of 06:48, 11 January 2020
- Also known as: 状态补语 (zhuàngtài bǔyǔ), 情态补语 (qíngtài bǔyǔ) and complement of state.
State complements describe an achieved state of an action. State complements are usually adjective phrases (adverb + adjective) but can take the form of verb phrases, subject-predicate phrases, or other complements. State complements that are adjective phrases often look the same as degree complements and thus are often lumped together with degree complements in textbooks.
Contents
Adjective as State Complements
In a state complement phrase, the verb must be followed by 得, and then the complement follows. The most common type of state complement, where the complement is an adjective phrase, is formed by placing the adjective phrase after 得.
Sometimes there is also an adverb before the adjective, such as 很, 非常, 不太, 有点, etc.
Structure
Verb / Adj. + 得 + State Complement
Examples
- 她 来 得 有点 晚 。She came a little late.
- 老师 今天 穿 得 非常 漂亮 。The teacher dressed very nicely today.
- 孩子们 玩 得 很 开心 。The kids are having lots of fun.
- 我 昨天 睡 得 不 太 好 。I didn't sleep very well yesterday.
- 哪个 城市 发展 得 最 快 ？Which city has developed most rapidly?
If the verb taking a complement also has an object, you can repeat the verb: once for the object, then once for the complement:
- 弟弟 做 作业 做 得 很 慢 。My younger brother does his homework very slowly.
- 他 打 篮球 打 得 非常 好 。He is very good at basketball.
- 妈妈 洗 衣服 洗 得 干 不 干净 ？Did mother wash the clothes well [get them clean]?
- 我们 班 谁 说 汉语 说 得 最 流利 ？Who speaks Chinese most fluently in our class?
Verb Phrases as State Complements
Verb phrases (VP), subject-predicate phrases (SP) can also serve as complements of state. As with adjective phrase state complements, they can describe a state that arose from the action of the main verb in the sentence.
Structure
Verb / Adj. + 得 + State Complement
Examples
- 我 累 得 不 想 说话 。 I was so tired that I didn't want to talk.
- 我 的 牙 疼 得 我 睡 不 着 。 My teeth aches to the point where I can't sleep.
- 听到 这个 消息 ，她 激动 得 哭 了 起来 。Hearing this news, she was excited to point where she started crying.
More Advanced State Complements
Structure
Verb / Adj. + 得 + State Complement
Examples
- 天气 热 得 我 只 想 待 在 空调 房 里 。The weather is hot to the point where I only want to stay in the room with AC.
- 地铁 挤 得 有的 人 下 不 去 。The metro was crowded to the point where some people couldn't get off.
- 他 忙 得 忘 了 给 女儿 买 生日 礼物 。 He's so busy that he forgot to buy her daughter a birthday present.
References and Further Reading
Books
- HSK Standard Course 2 (pp. 92) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy
- HSK Standard Course 3 (pp. 138) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy
- New Practical Chinese Reader 2 (新实用汉语课本2) (pp. 15-6) →buy
- New Practical Chinese Reader 3 (新实用汉语课本3) (pp. 65-6) →buy
- 40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课下册） (p. 530)→buy
- 40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课上册） (p. 141)→buy
Websites
- About Chinese Language, XCN Chinese The Complement of State
- 现代汉语中程度补语的范围及类别
- 带“得”字程度补语和状态补语的比较分析
