Difference between revisions of "Uses of le"

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* [[Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar]] (pp. 185-300, 362) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0520066103?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0520066103 →buy]
 
* [[Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar]] (pp. 185-300, 362) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0520066103?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0520066103 →buy]
 
* [[Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide]] (pp. 62, 190, 192, 213-4, 218-9, 226-32, 236-9, 243-6, 261-2, 264-5) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0415700108?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0415700108 →buy]
 
* [[Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide]] (pp. 62, 190, 192, 213-4, 218-9, 226-32, 236-9, 243-6, 261-2, 264-5) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0415700108?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0415700108 →buy]
* [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/7561910401/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399369&creativeASIN=7561910401 New Practical Chinese Reader 1 (新实用汉语课本1)] (pp. 199-200)  
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* [[New Practical Chinese Reader 1 (新实用汉语课本1)]] (pp. 199-200) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/7561910401/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399369&creativeASIN=7561910401 →buy]
* [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/7561911297/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399369&creativeASIN=7561911297 New Practical Chinese Reader 2 (新实用汉语课本2)] (pp. 16-8, 55-6, 196-7, 217-8)
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* [[New Practical Chinese Reader 2 (新实用汉语课本2)]] (pp. 16-8, 55-6, 196-7, 217-8) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/7561911297/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399369&creativeASIN=7561911297 →buy]
 
* [http://www.amazon.cn/mn/detailApp?_encoding=UTF8&tag=allset-23&linkCode=as2&asin=B001J0ADWA&camp=536&creative=3132&creativeASIN=B001J0ADWA 外国人实用汉语语法(中英文对照)] (pp. 312-313, 400, 423-35, 497-8, 502)
 
* [http://www.amazon.cn/mn/detailApp?_encoding=UTF8&tag=allset-23&linkCode=as2&asin=B001J0ADWA&camp=536&creative=3132&creativeASIN=B001J0ADWA 外国人实用汉语语法(中英文对照)] (pp. 312-313, 400, 423-35, 497-8, 502)
 
* [http://www.amazon.cn/mn/detailApp/ref=as_li_ss_tl?_encoding=UTF8&tag=allset-23&linkCode=as2&asin=B0041UGAJU&camp=536&creative=3132&creativeASIN=B0041UGAJU 简明汉语语法学习手册] (pp. 62-72, 76-88)
 
* [http://www.amazon.cn/mn/detailApp/ref=as_li_ss_tl?_encoding=UTF8&tag=allset-23&linkCode=as2&asin=B0041UGAJU&camp=536&creative=3132&creativeASIN=B0041UGAJU 简明汉语语法学习手册] (pp. 62-72, 76-88)

Revision as of 08:01, 5 December 2011

The Chinese particle 了 has been traditionally divided into two broad categories: aspectual particle 了 (AKA 了1) and modal particle 了 (AKA 了2). However, for a word with as many varied grammatical uses, such broad classifications don't seem particularly helpful to learners. This article offers an alternative way to understand 了: by listing out specific uses and patterns without regard for traditional classifications, starting with the ones learners will want to learn right away, and moving into more and more complicated uses.

Beginner (A1) Uses of 了

Grammar Point (English) Pattern Examples 了 Type
Expressing "Excessively" 太 + Adj + 了  ! 了2

Elementary (A2) Uses of 了

Grammar Point (English) Pattern Examples 了 Type
Expressing Completion with "le" V + 了 她 去 北京。 了1
Questions with "le ma" V + 了 + 吗? 北京 去 了 吗 了1
Expressing Duration Verb + 了 + [Duration] 他 在 北京 住 了 两 年 了2
Expressing Duration of Inaction [Duration] + 没 + [Verb Phrase] ) (+ 了) 他 已经 三 天 没 洗澡 了。 了2

Intermediate (B1) Uses of 了

Grammar Point (English) Pattern Examples 了 Type
Making Negative Adjectives Extreme with "-si le" Adj + 死了 那 个 孩子 难 看 死 了 了2
Making Positive Adjectives Extreme with "-ji le" Adj + 极了 你的 中文 好 极了 了2
Making Adjectives Extreme with "zui" 最 + Adj (+ 了) 这 种 啤酒 最 好 了 了2
Intensifying Adjectives Extreme with "ke" 可 + Adj (+ 了) 你 做 的 菜 可 好吃 了 了2
Expressing "Much More" in Comparisons N1 + 比 + N2 + Adj + 多了 你 高 多 了 了2
Expressing Change of State with "le" ……了 今天 我 25 岁 。你的 衣服 脏 了2

Upper Intermediate (B2) Uses of 了

Grammar Point (English) Pattern Examples 了 Type
Expressing "A bit too" Adj + 了一点(儿) 这个 东西 的 质量 是 差 了 一点 了2
Sentence-Final "le 1+2" ……了 我 明白 你 为什么 走 了1, 2

Sources and further reading

Books

Websites

Academic Research