Difference between revisions of "Easy sounds"
(16 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown)
Line 3: Line 3:
 
Although you cannot take for granted that the letters that make up pinyin sound like they do in English, the good news is that many of them do. So before learning about which pinyin letters make crazy new sounds in Mandarin Chinese, it's a good idea to learn the letters that make more familiar sounds. These are the "easy sounds."
 
Although you cannot take for granted that the letters that make up pinyin sound like they do in English, the good news is that many of them do. So before learning about which pinyin letters make crazy new sounds in Mandarin Chinese, it's a good idea to learn the letters that make more familiar sounds. These are the "easy sounds."
  
−
{{#widget: Pinyin chart settings}}
+
The "easy sounds" listed here may not sound ''exactly'' like their English counterparts, but they're pretty close. So if you're a beginner, you don't need to worry too much about mispronouncing the following sounds:
−
<div class="pinyin-table-audio-container"></div>
 
−
<div class="table-container"><table class="pinyin-table medium" id="pinyin-table">
 
−
<tr><!--  TABLE HEADERS  -->
 
−
<th class="first-row first-col"></th>
 
−
<th title="Click to expand" class="col-a col-placeholder first-row"><strong>-a-</strong></th>
 
−
<th title="Click to collapse" class="first-row col-a" id="-a"><strong>-a</strong></th>
 
−
<th title="Click to collapse" class="first-row col-a" id="-ai"><strong>-ai</strong></th>
 
−
<th title="Click to collapse" class="first-row col-a" id="-ao"><strong>-ao</strong></th>
 
−
<th title="Click to collapse" class="first-row col-a" id="-an"><strong>-an</strong></th>
 
−
<th title="Click to collapse" class="first-row col-a" id="-ang"><strong>-ang</strong></th>
 
−
<th title="Click to expand" class="col-e col-placeholder first-row"><strong>-e-</strong></th>
 
−
<th title="Click to collapse" class="first-row col-e" id="-e"><strong>-e</strong></th>
 
−
<th title="Click to collapse" class="first-row col-e" id="-ei"><strong>-ei</strong></th>
 
−
<th title="Click to collapse" class="first-row col-e" id="-en"><strong>-en</strong></th>
 
−
<th title="Click to collapse" class="first-row col-e" id="-eng"><strong>-eng</strong></th>
 
−
<th title="Click to collapse" class="first-row col-e" id="-er"><strong>-er</strong></th>
 
−
<th title="Click to expand" class="col-o col-placeholder first-row"><strong>-o-</strong></th>
 
−
<th title="Click to collapse" class="first-row col-o" id="-o"><strong>-o</strong></th>
 
−
<th title="Click to collapse" class="first-row col-o" id="-ou"><strong>-ou</strong></th>
 
−
<th title="Click to collapse" class="first-row col-o" id="-ong"><strong>-ong</strong></th>
 
−
<th title="Click to expand" class="col-i col-placeholder first-row"><strong>-i-</strong></th>
 
−
<th title="Click to collapse" class="first-row col-i" id="-i"><strong>-i</strong></th>
 
−
<th title="Click to collapse" class="first-row col-i" id="-i*"><strong>-i*</strong></th>
 
−
<th title="Click to collapse" class="first-row col-i" id="-ia"><strong>-ia</strong></th>
 
−
<th title="Click to collapse" class="first-row col-i" id="-iao"><strong>-iao</strong></th>
 
−
<th title="Click to collapse" class="first-row col-i" id="-ie"><strong>-ie</strong></th>
 
−
<th title="Click to collapse" class="first-row col-i" id="-iou"><strong>-iou</strong></th>
 
−
<th title="Click to collapse" class="first-row col-i" id="-ian"><strong>-ian</strong></th>
 
−
<th title="Click to collapse" class="first-row col-i" id="-iang"><strong>-iang</strong></th>
 
−
<th title="Click to collapse" class="first-row col-i" id="-in"><strong>-in</strong></th>
 
−
<th title="Click to collapse" class="first-row col-i" id="-ing"><strong>-ing</strong></th>
 
−
<th title="Click to collapse" class="first-row col-i" id="-iong"><strong>-iong</strong></th>
 
−
<th title="Click to expand" class="col-u col-placeholder first-row"><strong>-u-</strong></th>
 
−
<th title="Click to collapse" class="first-row col-u" id="-u"><strong>-u</strong></th>
 
−
<th title="Click to collapse" class="first-row col-u" id="-ua"><strong>-ua</strong></th>
 
−
<th title="Click to collapse" class="first-row col-u" id="-uai"><strong>-uai</strong></th>
 
−
<th title="Click to collapse" class="first-row col-u" id="-uei"><strong>-uei</strong></th>
 
−
<th title="Click to collapse" class="first-row col-u" id="-uo"><strong>-uo</strong></th>
 
−
<th title="Click to collapse" class="first-row col-u" id="-uan"><strong>-uan</strong></th>
 
−
<th title="Click to collapse" class="first-row col-u" id="-uang"><strong>-uang</strong></th>
 
−
<th title="Click to collapse" class="first-row col-u" id="-uen"><strong>-uen</strong></th>
 
−
<th title="Click to collapse" class="first-row col-u" id="-ueng"><strong>-ueng</strong></th>
 
−
<th title="Click to expand" class="col-v col-placeholder first-row"><strong>-ü-</strong></th>
 
−
<th title="Click to collapse" class="first-row col-v" id="-ü"><strong>-ü</strong></th>
 
−
<th title="Click to collapse" class="first-row col-v" id="-üe"><strong>-üe</strong></th>
 
−
<th title="Click to collapse" class="first-row col-v" id="-üan"><strong>-üan</strong></th>
 
−
<th title="Click to collapse" class="first-row col-v" id="-ün"><strong>-ün</strong></th>
 
−
<th class="first-row last-col"></th>
 
−
</tr>
 
  
−
<tr><!--  B- ROW  -->
+
* '''[[b-]]''' sounds roughly like the English <span class="enpron">"b"</span> sound, but it is [[voiceless]] in Chinese, which means that it might sound a little like a <span class="enpron">"p"</span> to you. Don't worry; with enough exposure you'll get used to it. Beginners can get away with an English <span class="enpron">"b"</span> sound.
−
<th class="row-bpmf first-col" id="b-"><strong>b-</strong></th>
+
* '''[[p-]]''' sounds just like the English <span class="enpron">"p"</span> sound. Perfect!
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-a col-placeholder"></td>
+
* '''[[m-]]''' sounds just like the English <span class="enpron">"m"</span> sound. Marvelous!
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-a" id="ba"><div class="table-pinyin">ba</div><div class="table-link">[[ba]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[pɑ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄅㄚ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">pa</div></td>
+
* '''[[f-]]''' sounds just like the English <span class="enpron">"f"</span> sound. Freebie!
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-a" id="bai"><div class="table-pinyin">bai</div><div class="table-link">[[bai]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[paɪ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄅㄞ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">pai</div></td>
+
* '''[[d-]]''' sounds roughly like the English <span class="enpron">"d"</span> sound. This is also [[voiceless]] in Chinese, which means that it might sound a little like a <span class="enpron">"t"</span> to you. Beginners can get away with an English <span class="enpron">"d"</span> sound.
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-a" id="bao"><div class="table-pinyin">bao</div><div class="table-link">[[bao]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[pɑʊ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄅㄠ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">pao</div></td>  
+
* '''[[t-]]''' sounds just like the English <span class="enpron">"t"</span> sound. Terrific!
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-a" id="ban"><div class="table-pinyin">ban</div><div class="table-link">[[ban]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[pan]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄅㄢ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">pan</div></td>  
+
* '''[[n-]]''' sounds just like the English <span class="enpron">"n"</span> sound. Nice!
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-a" id="bang"><div class="table-pinyin">bang</div><div class="table-link">[[bang]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[pɑŋ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄅㄤ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">pang</div></td>
+
* '''[[l-]]''' sounds just like the English <span class="enpron">"l"</span> sound. Lovely!
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-e col-placeholder"></td>  
+
* '''[[s-]]''' sounds just like the English <span class="enpron">"s"</span> sound. Sweet!
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-e"></td>
+
* '''[[g-]]''' sounds roughly like the English <span class="enpron">"g"</span> sound. This is [[voiceless]] as well in Chinese, it might sound a little like a <span class="enpron">"k"</span> to you. Beginners can get away with an English <span class="enpron">"g"</span> sound.
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-e" id="bei"><div class="table-pinyin">bei</div><div class="table-link">[[bei]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[peɪ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄅㄟ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">pei</div></td>  
+
* '''[[k-]]''' sounds just like the English <span class="enpron">"k"</span> sound. Killer!
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-e" id="ben"><div class="table-pinyin">ben</div><div class="table-link">[[ben]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[pən]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄅㄣ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">pen</div></td>
+
* '''[[h-]]''' sometimes sounds pretty much like the English <span class="enpron">"h"</span> sound, but other times a bit raspy, similar to the throaty sound in the word "''chutzpah''." This variation is natural, and both versions are OK. So you're fine just making the regular <span class="enpron">"h"</span> sound that you're familiar with.
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-e" id="beng"><div class="table-pinyin">beng</div><div class="table-link">[[beng]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[pəŋ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄅㄥ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">peng</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-e"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-o col-placeholder"></td>  
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-o" id="bo"><div class="table-pinyin">bo</div><div class="table-link">[[bo]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[pu̯ɔ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄅㄛ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">po</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-o"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-o"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-i col-placeholder"></td>  
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-i" id="bi"><div class="table-pinyin">bi</div><div class="table-link">[[bi]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[pi]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄅㄧ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">pi</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-i"></td>  
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-i" id="biao"><div class="table-pinyin">biao</div><div class="table-link">[[biao]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[pi̯ɑʊ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄅㄧㄠ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">piao</div></td>  
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-i" id="bie"><div class="table-pinyin">bie</div><div class="table-link">[[bie]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[piɛ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄅㄧㄝ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">pieh</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-i"></td>  
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-i" id="bian"><div class="table-pinyin">bian</div><div class="table-link">[[bian]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[piɛn]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄅㄧㄢ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">pien</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-i" id="bin"><div class="table-pinyin">bin</div><div class="table-link">[[bin]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[pin]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄅㄧㄣ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">pin</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-i" id="bing"><div class="table-pinyin">bing</div><div class="table-link">[[bing]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[piŋ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄅㄧㄥ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">ping</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-i"></td>  
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-u col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-u" id="bu"><div class="table-pinyin">bu</div><div class="table-link">[[bu]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[pu]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄅㄨ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">pu</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-v col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-v"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-v"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-v"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-v"></td>
 
−
<th class="row-bpmf last-col" id="b-"><strong>b-</strong></th>
 
−
</tr>
 
  
−
<tr><!--  P- ROW  -->
+
You will see these "easy sounds" on the left side [[pinyin chart]], but you'll want to learn a [[vowel]] or two before you can practice actual [[syllable]]s. The next part of this guide covers your first pinyin vowel: [[the "a" vowel]].
−
<th class="row-bpmf first-col" id="p-"><strong>p-</strong></th>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-a col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-a" id="pa"><div class="table-pinyin">pa</div><div class="table-link">[[pa]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[pʰɑ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄆㄚ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">p'a</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-a" id="pai"><div class="table-pinyin">pai</div><div class="table-link">[[pai]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[pʰaɪ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄆㄞ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">p'ai</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-a" id="pao"><div class="table-pinyin">pao</div><div class="table-link">[[pao]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[pʰɑʊ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄆㄠ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">p'ao</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-a" id="pan"><div class="table-pinyin">pan</div><div class="table-link">[[pan]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[pʰan] </div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄆㄢ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">p'an</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-a" id="pang"><div class="table-pinyin">pang</div><div class="table-link">[[pang]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[pʰɑŋ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄆㄤ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">p'ang</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-e col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-e"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-e" id="pei"><div class="table-pinyin">pei</div><div class="table-link">[[pei]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[pʰeɪ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄆㄟ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">p'ei</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-e" id="pen"><div class="table-pinyin">pen</div><div class="table-link">[[pen]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[pʰən]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄆㄣ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">p'en</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-e" id="peng"><div class="table-pinyin">peng</div><div class="table-link">[[peng]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[pʰəŋ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄆㄥ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">p'eng</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-e"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-o col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-o" id="po"><div class="table-pinyin">po</div><div class="table-link">[[po]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[pʰu̯ɔ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄆㄛ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">p'o</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-o" id="pou"><div class="table-pinyin">pou</div><div class="table-link">[[pou]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[pʰɤʊ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄆㄡ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">p'ou</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-o"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-i col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-i" id="pi"><div class="table-pinyin">pi</div><div class="table-link">[[pi]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[pʰi]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄆㄧ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">p'i</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-i" id="piao"><div class="table-pinyin">piao</div><div class="table-link">[[piao]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[pʰi̯ɑʊ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄆㄧㄠ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">p'iao</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-i" id="pie"><div class="table-pinyin">pie</div><div class="table-link">[[pie]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[pʰiɛ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄆㄧㄝ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">p'ieh</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-i" id="pian"><div class="table-pinyin">pian</div><div class="table-link">[[pian]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[pʰiɛn]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄆㄧㄢ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">p'ien</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-i" id="min"><div class="table-pinyin">min</div><div class="table-link">[[min]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[pʰin]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄆㄧㄣ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">p'in</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-i" id="ping"><div class="table-pinyin">ping</div><div class="table-link">[[ping]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[pʰiŋ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄆㄧㄥ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">p'ing</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-u col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-u" id="pu"><div class="table-pinyin">pu</div><div class="table-link">[[pu]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[pʰu]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄆㄨ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">p'u</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-v col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-v"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-v"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-v"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-v"></td>
 
−
<th class="row-bpmf last-col" id="p-"><strong>p-</strong></th>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
 
 
−
<tr><!--  M- ROW  -->
 
−
<th class="row-bpmf first-col" id="m-"><strong>m-</strong></th>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-a col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-a" id="ma"><div class="table-pinyin">ma</div><div class="table-link">[[ma]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[mɑ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄇㄚ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">ma</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-a" id="mai"><div class="table-pinyin">mai</div><div class="table-link">[[mai]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[maɪ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄇㄞ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">mai</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-a" id="mao"><div class="table-pinyin">mao</div><div class="table-link">[[mao]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[mɑʊ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄇㄠ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">mao</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-a" id="man"><div class="table-pinyin">man</div><div class="table-link">[[man]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[man]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄇㄢ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">man</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-a" id="mang"><div class="table-pinyin">mang</div><div class="table-link">[[mang]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[mɑŋ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄇㄤ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">mang</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-e col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-e" id="me"><div class="table-pinyin">me</div><div class="table-link">[[me]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[mɯ̯ʌ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄇㄜ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">me</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-e" id="mei"><div class="table-pinyin">mei</div><div class="table-link">[[mei]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[meɪ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄇㄟ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">mei</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-e" id="men"><div class="table-pinyin">men</div><div class="table-link">[[men]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[mən]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄇㄣ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">men</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-e" id="meng"><div class="table-pinyin">meng</div><div class="table-link">[[meng]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[məŋ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄇㄥ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">meng</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-e"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-o col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-o" id="mo"><div class="table-pinyin">mo</div><div class="table-link">[[mo]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[mu̯ɔ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄇㄛ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">mo</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-o" id="mou"><div class="table-pinyin">mou</div><div class="table-link">[[mou]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[mɤʊ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄇㄡ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">mou</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-o"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-i col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-i" id="mi"><div class="table-pinyin">mi</div><div class="table-link">[[mi]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[mi]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄇㄧ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">mi</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-i" id="miao"><div class="table-pinyin">miao</div><div class="table-link">[[miao]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[mi̯ɑʊ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄇㄧㄠ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">miao</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-i" id="mie"><div class="table-pinyin">mie</div><div class="table-link">[[mie]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[miɛ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄇㄧㄝ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">mieh</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-i" id="miu"><div class="table-pinyin">miu</div><div class="table-link">[[miu]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[mi̯ɤʊ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄇㄧㄡ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">miu</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-i" id="mian"><div class="table-pinyin">mian</div><div class="table-link">[[mian]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[miɛn]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄇㄧㄢ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">mien</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-i" id="ming"><div class="table-pinyin">ming</div><div class="table-link">[[ming]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[miŋ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄇㄧㄥ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">ming</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-u col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-u" id="mu"><div class="table-pinyin">mu</div><div class="table-link">[[mu]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[mu]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄇㄨ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">mu</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-v col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-v"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-v"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-v"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-v"></td>
 
−
<th class="row-bpmf last-col" id="m-"><strong>m-</strong></th>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
 
 
−
<tr><!--  F- ROW  -->
 
−
<th class="row-bpmf first-col" id="f-"><strong>f-</strong></th>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-a col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-a" id="fa"><div class="table-pinyin">fa</div><div class="table-link">[[fa]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[fɑ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄈㄚ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">fa</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-a"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-a"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-a" id="fan"><div class="table-pinyin">fan</div><div class="table-link">[[fan]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[fan]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄈㄢ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">fan</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-a" id="fang"><div class="table-pinyin">fang</div><div class="table-link">[[fang]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[fɑŋ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄈㄤ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">fang</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-e col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-e"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-e" id="fei"><div class="table-pinyin">fei</div><div class="table-link">[[fei]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[feɪ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄈㄟ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">fei</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-e" id="fen"><div class="table-pinyin">fen</div><div class="table-link">[[fen]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[fən]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄈㄣ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">fen</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-e" id="feng"><div class="table-pinyin">feng</div><div class="table-link">[[feng]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[fəŋ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄈㄥ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">feng</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-e"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-o col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-o" id="fo"><div class="table-pinyin">fo</div><div class="table-link">[[fo]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[fu̯ɔ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄈㄛ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">fo</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-o" id="fou"><div class="table-pinyin">fou</div><div class="table-link">[[fou]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[fɤʊ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄈㄡ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">fou</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-o"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-i col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-u col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-u" id="fu"><div class="table-pinyin">fu</div><div class="table-link">[[fu]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[fu]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄈㄨ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">fu</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-v col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-v"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-v"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-v"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-bpmf col-v"></td>
 
−
<th class="row-bpmf last-col" id="f-"><strong>f-</strong></th>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
 
 
−
<tr><!--  D- ROW  -->
 
−
<th class="row-dtnl first-col" id="d-"><strong>d-</strong></th>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-a col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-a" id="da"><div class="table-pinyin">da</div><div class="table-link">[[da]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[tɑ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄉㄚ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">ta</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-a" id="dai"><div class="table-pinyin">dai</div><div class="table-link">[[dai]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[taɪ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄉㄞ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">tai</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-a" id="dao"><div class="table-pinyin">dao</div><div class="table-link">[[dao]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[tɑʊ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄉㄠ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">tao</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-a" id="dan"><div class="table-pinyin">dan</div><div class="table-link">[[dan]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[tan]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄉㄢ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">tan</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-a" id="dang"><div class="table-pinyin">dang</div><div class="table-link">[[dang]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[tɑŋ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄉㄤ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">tang</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-e col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-e" id="de"><div class="table-pinyin">de</div><div class="table-link">[[de]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[tɯ̯ʌ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄉㄜ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">te</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-e" id="dei"><div class="table-pinyin">dei</div><div class="table-link">[[dei]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[teɪ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄉㄟ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">tei</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-e" id="den"><div class="table-pinyin">den</div><div class="table-link">[[den]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[tən]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄉㄣ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">ten</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-e" id="deng"><div class="table-pinyin">deng</div><div class="table-link">[[deng]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[təŋ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄉㄥ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">teng</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-e"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-o col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-o"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-o" id="dou"><div class="table-pinyin">dou</div><div class="table-link">[[dou]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[tɤʊ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄉㄡ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">tou</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-o" id="dong"><div class="table-pinyin">dong</div><div class="table-link">[[dong]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[tʊŋ] </div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄉㄨㄥ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">tung</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-i col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-i" id="di"><div class="table-pinyin">di</div><div class="table-link">[[di]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[ti]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄉㄧ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">ti</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-i" id="diao"><div class="table-pinyin">diao</div><div class="table-link">[[diao]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[ti̯ɑʊ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄉㄧㄠ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">tiao</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-i" id="die"><div class="table-pinyin">die</div><div class="table-link">[[die]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[tiɛ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄉㄧㄝ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">tieh</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-i" id="diu"><div class="table-pinyin">diu</div><div class="table-link">[[diu]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[ti̯ɤʊ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄉㄧㄡ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">tiu</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-i" id="dian"><div class="table-pinyin">dian</div><div class="table-link">[[dian]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[tiɛn]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄉㄧㄢ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">tien</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-i" id="ding"><div class="table-pinyin">ding</div><div class="table-link">[[ding]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[tiŋ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄉㄧㄥ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">ting</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-u col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-u" id="du"><div class="table-pinyin">du</div><div class="table-link">[[du]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[tu]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄉㄨ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">tu</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-u" id="dui"><div class="table-pinyin">dui</div><div class="table-link">[[dui]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[tu̯eɪ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄉㄨㄟ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">tui</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-u" id="duo"><div class="table-pinyin">duo</div><div class="table-link">[[duo]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[tu̯ɔ] </div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄉㄨㄛ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">to</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-u" id="duan"><div class="table-pinyin">duan</div><div class="table-link">[[duan]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[tu̯an]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄉㄨㄢ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">tuan</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-u" id="dun"><div class="table-pinyin">dun</div><div class="table-link">[[dun]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[tu̯ən]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄉㄨㄣ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">tun</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-v col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-v"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-v"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-v"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-v"></td>
 
−
<th class="row-dtnl last-col" id="d-"><strong>d-</strong></th>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
 
 
−
<tr><!--  T- ROW  -->
 
−
<th class="row-dtnl first-col" id="t-"><strong>t-</strong></th>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-a col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-a" id="ta"><div class="table-pinyin">ta</div><div class="table-link">[[ta]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[tʰɑ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄊㄚ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">t'a</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-a" id="tai"><div class="table-pinyin">tai</div><div class="table-link">[[tai]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[tʰaɪ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄊㄞ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">t'ai</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-a" id="tao"><div class="table-pinyin">tao</div><div class="table-link">[[tao]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[tʰɑʊ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄊㄠ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">t'ao</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-a" id="tan"><div class="table-pinyin">tan</div><div class="table-link">[[tan]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[tʰan]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄊㄢ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">t'an</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-a" id="tang"><div class="table-pinyin">tang</div><div class="table-link">[[tang]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[tʰɑŋ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄊㄤ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">t'ang</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-e col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-e" id="te"><div class="table-pinyin">te</div><div class="table-link">[[te]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[tʰɯ̯ʌ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄊㄜ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">t'e</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-e"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-e"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-e" id="teng"><div class="table-pinyin">teng</div><div class="table-link">[[teng]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[tʰəŋ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄊㄥ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">t'eng</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-e"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-o col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-o"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-o" id="tou"><div class="table-pinyin">tou</div><div class="table-link">[[tou]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[tʰɤʊ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄊㄡ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">t'ou</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-o" id="tong"><div class="table-pinyin">tong</div><div class="table-link">[[tong]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[tʰʊŋ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄊㄨㄥ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">t'ung</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-i col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-i" id="ti"><div class="table-pinyin">ti</div><div class="table-link">[[ti]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[tʰi]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄊㄧ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">t'i</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-i" id="tiao"><div class="table-pinyin">tiao</div><div class="table-link">[[tiao]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[tʰi̯ɑʊ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄊㄧㄠ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">t'iao</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-i" id="tie"><div class="table-pinyin">tie</div><div class="table-link">[[tie]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[tʰiɛ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄊㄧㄝ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">t'ieh</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-i" id="tian"><div class="table-pinyin">tian</div><div class="table-link">[[tian]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[tʰiɛn]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄊㄧㄢ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">t'ien</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-i" id="ting"><div class="table-pinyin">ting</div><div class="table-link">[[ting]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[tʰiŋ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄊㄧㄥ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">t'ing</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-u col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-u" id="tu"><div class="table-pinyin">tu</div><div class="table-link">[[tu]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[tʰu]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄊㄨ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">t'u</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-u" id="tui"><div class="table-pinyin">tui</div><div class="table-link">[[tui]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[tʰu̯eɪ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄊㄨㄟ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">t'ui</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-u" id="tuo"><div class="table-pinyin">tuo</div><div class="table-link">[[tuo]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[tʰu̯ɔ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄊㄨㄛ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">t'o</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-u" id="tuan"><div class="table-pinyin">tuan</div><div class="table-link">[[tuan]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[tʰu̯an]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄊㄨㄢ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">t'uan</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-u" id="tun"><div class="table-pinyin">tun</div><div class="table-link">[[tun]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[tʰu̯ən]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄊㄨㄣ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">t'un</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-v col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-v"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-v"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-v"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-v"></td>
 
−
<th class="row-dtnl last-col" id="t-"><strong>t-</strong></th>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
 
 
−
<tr><!--  N- ROW  -->
 
−
<th class="row-dtnl first-col" id="n-"><strong>n-</strong></th>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-a col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-a" id="na"><div class="table-pinyin">na</div><div class="table-link">[[na]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[nɑ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄋㄚ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">na</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-a" id="nai"><div class="table-pinyin">nai</div><div class="table-link">[[nai]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[naɪ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄋㄞ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">nai</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-a" id="nao"><div class="table-pinyin">nao</div><div class="table-link">[[nao]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[nɑʊ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄋㄠ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">nao</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-a" id="nan"><div class="table-pinyin">nan</div><div class="table-link">[[nan]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[nan]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄋㄢ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">nan</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-a" id="nang"><div class="table-pinyin">nang</div><div class="table-link">[[nang]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[nɑŋ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄋㄤ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">nang</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-e col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-e" id="ne"><div class="table-pinyin">ne</div><div class="table-link">[[ne]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[nɯ̯ʌ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄋㄜ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">ne</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-e" id="nei"><div class="table-pinyin">nei</div><div class="table-link">[[nei]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[neɪ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄋㄟ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">nei</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-e" id="nen"><div class="table-pinyin">nen</div><div class="table-link">[[nen]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[nən]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄋㄣ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">nen</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-e" id="neng"><div class="table-pinyin">neng</div><div class="table-link">[[neng]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[nəŋ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄋㄥ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">neng</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-e"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-o col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-o"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-o" id="nou"><div class="table-pinyin">nou</div><div class="table-link">[[nou]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[nɤʊ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄋㄡ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">nou</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-o" id="nong"><div class="table-pinyin">nong</div><div class="table-link">[[nong]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[nʊŋ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄋㄨㄥ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">nung</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-i col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-i" id="ni"><div class="table-pinyin">ni</div><div class="table-link">[[ni]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[ni]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄋㄧ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">ni</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-i" id="niao"><div class="table-pinyin">niao</div><div class="table-link">[[niao]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[ni̯ɑʊ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄋㄧㄠ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">niao</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-i" id="nie"><div class="table-pinyin">nie</div><div class="table-link">[[nie]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[niɛ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄋㄧㄝ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">nieh</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-i" id="niu"><div class="table-pinyin">niu</div><div class="table-link">[[niu]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[ni̯ɤʊ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄋㄧㄡ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">niu</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-i" id="nian"><div class="table-pinyin">nian</div><div class="table-link">[[nian]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[niɛn]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄋㄧㄢ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">nien</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-i" id="niang"><div class="table-pinyin">niang</div><div class="table-link">[[niang]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[ni̯ɑŋ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄋㄧㄤ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">niang</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-i" id="nin"><div class="table-pinyin">nin</div><div class="table-link">[[nin]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[nin]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄋㄧㄣ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">nin</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-i" id="ning"><div class="table-pinyin">ning</div><div class="table-link">[[ning]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[niŋ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄋㄧㄥ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">ning</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-u col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-u" id="nu"><div class="table-pinyin">nu</div><div class="table-link">[[nu]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[nu]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄋㄨ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">nu</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-u" id="nuo"><div class="table-pinyin">nuo</div><div class="table-link">[[nuo]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[nu̯ɔ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄋㄨㄛ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">no</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-u" id="nuan"><div class="table-pinyin">nuan</div><div class="table-link">[[nuan]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[nu̯an]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄋㄨㄢ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">nuan</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-v col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-v" id="nü"><div class="table-pinyin">nü</div><div class="table-link">[[nü]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[ny]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄋㄩ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">nü</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-v" id="nüe"><div class="table-pinyin">nüe</div><div class="table-link">[[nüe]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[ny̯œ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄋㄩㄝ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">nüeh</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-v"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-v"></td>
 
−
<th class="row-dtnl last-col" id="n-"><strong>n-</strong></th>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
 
 
−
<tr><!--  L- ROW  -->
 
−
<th class="row-dtnl first-col" id="l-"><strong>l-</strong></th>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-a col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-a" id="la"><div class="table-pinyin">la</div><div class="table-link">[[la]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[lɑ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄌㄚ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">la</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-a" id="lai"><div class="table-pinyin">lai</div><div class="table-link">[[lai]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[laɪ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄌㄞ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">lai</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-a" id="lao"><div class="table-pinyin">lao</div><div class="table-link">[[lao]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[lɑʊ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄌㄠ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">lao</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-a" id="lan"><div class="table-pinyin">lan</div><div class="table-link">[[lan]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[lan]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄌㄢ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">lan</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-a" id="lang"><div class="table-pinyin">lang</div><div class="table-link">[[lang]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[lɑŋ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄌㄤ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">lang</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-e col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-e" id="le"><div class="table-pinyin">le</div><div class="table-link">[[le]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[lɯ̯ʌ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄌㄜ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">le</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-e" id="lei"><div class="table-pinyin">lei</div><div class="table-link">[[lei]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[leɪ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄌㄟ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">lei</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-e"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-e" id="leng"><div class="table-pinyin">leng</div><div class="table-link">[[leng]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[ləŋ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄌㄥ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">leng</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-e"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-o col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-o" id="lo"><div class="table-pinyin">lo</div><div class="table-link">[[lo]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[lu̯ɔ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄌㄛ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">lo</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-o" id="lou"><div class="table-pinyin">lou</div><div class="table-link">[[lou]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[lɤʊ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄌㄡ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">lou</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-o" id="long"><div class="table-pinyin">long</div><div class="table-link">[[long]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[lʊŋ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄌㄨㄥ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">lung</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-i col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-i" id="li"><div class="table-pinyin">li</div><div class="table-link">[[li]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[li]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄌㄧ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">li</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-i" id="lia"><div class="table-pinyin">lia</div><div class="table-link">[[lia]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[li̯ɑ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄌㄧㄚ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">lia</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-i" id="liao"><div class="table-pinyin">liao</div><div class="table-link">[[liao]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[li̯ɑʊ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄌㄧㄠ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">liao</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-i" id="lie"><div class="table-pinyin">lie</div><div class="table-link">[[lie]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[liɛ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄌㄧㄝ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">lieh</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-i" id="liu"><div class="table-pinyin">liu</div><div class="table-link">[[liu]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[li̯ɤʊ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄌㄧㄡ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">liu</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-i" id="lian"><div class="table-pinyin">lian</div><div class="table-link">[[lian]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[liɛn]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄌㄧㄢ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">lien</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-i" id="liang"><div class="table-pinyin">liang</div><div class="table-link">[[liang]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[li̯ɑŋ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄌㄧㄤ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">liang</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-i" id="lin"><div class="table-pinyin">lin</div><div class="table-link">[[lin]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[lin]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄌㄧㄣ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">lin</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-i" id="ling"><div class="table-pinyin">ling</div><div class="table-link">[[ling]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[liŋ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄌㄧㄥ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">ling</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-u col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-u" id="lu"><div class="table-pinyin">lu</div><div class="table-link">[[lu]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[lu]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄌㄨ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">lu</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-u" id="luo"><div class="table-pinyin">luo</div><div class="table-link">[[luo]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[lu̯ɔ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄌㄨㄛ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">lo</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-u" id="luan"><div class="table-pinyin">luan</div><div class="table-link">[[luan]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[lu̯an]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄌㄨㄢ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">luan</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-u" id="lun"><div class="table-pinyin">lun</div><div class="table-link">[[lun]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[lu̯ən]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄌㄨㄣ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">lun</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-v col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-v" id="lü"><div class="table-pinyin">lü</div><div class="table-link">[[lü]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[ly]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄌㄩ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">lü</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-v" id="lüe"><div class="table-pinyin">lüe</div><div class="table-link">[[lüe]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[ly̯œ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄌㄩㄝ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">lüeh</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-v"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-dtnl col-v"></td>
 
−
<th class="row-dtnl last-col" id="l-"><strong>l-</strong></th>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
 
 
−
<tr><!--  S- ROW  -->
 
−
<th class="row-zcs first-col" id="s-"><strong>s-</strong></th>
 
−
<td class="row-zcs col-a col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-zcs col-a" id="sa"><div class="table-pinyin">sa</div><div class="table-link">[[sa]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[sɑ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄙㄚ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">sa</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-zcs col-a" id="sai"><div class="table-pinyin">sai</div><div class="table-link">[[sai]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[saɪ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄙㄞ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">sai</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-zcs col-a" id="sao"><div class="table-pinyin">sao</div><div class="table-link">[[sao]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[sɑʊ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄙㄠ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">sao</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-zcs col-a" id="san"><div class="table-pinyin">san</div><div class="table-link">[[san]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[san]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄙㄢ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">san</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-zcs col-a" id="sang"><div class="table-pinyin">sang</div><div class="table-link">[[sang]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[sɑŋ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄙㄤ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">sang</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-zcs col-e col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-zcs col-e" id="se"><div class="table-pinyin">se</div><div class="table-link">[[se]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[sɯ̯ʌ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄙㄜ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">se</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-zcs col-e"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-zcs col-e" id="sen"><div class="table-pinyin">sen</div><div class="table-link">[[sen]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[sən]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄙㄣ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">sen</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-zcs col-e" id="seng"><div class="table-pinyin">seng</div><div class="table-link">[[seng]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[səŋ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄙㄥ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">seng</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-zcs col-e"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-zcs col-o col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-zcs col-o"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-zcs col-o" id="sou"><div class="table-pinyin">sou</div><div class="table-link">[[sou]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[sɤʊ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄙㄡ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">sou</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-zcs col-o" id="song"><div class="table-pinyin">song</div><div class="table-link">[[song]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[sʊŋ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄙㄨㄥ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">sung</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-zcs col-i col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-zcs col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-zcs col-i" id="si"><div class="table-pinyin">si</div><div class="table-link">[[si]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[sɿ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄙ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">ssu</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-zcs col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-zcs col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-zcs col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-zcs col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-zcs col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-zcs col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-zcs col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-zcs col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-zcs col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-zcs col-u col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-zcs col-u" id="su"><div class="table-pinyin">su</div><div class="table-link">[[su]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[su]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄙㄨ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">su</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-zcs col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-zcs col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-zcs col-u" id="sui"><div class="table-pinyin">sui</div><div class="table-link">[[sui]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[su̯eɪ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄙㄨㄟ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">sui</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-zcs col-u" id="suo"><div class="table-pinyin">suo</div><div class="table-link">[[suo]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[su̯ɔ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄙㄨㄛ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">so</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-zcs col-u" id="suan"><div class="table-pinyin">suan</div><div class="table-link">[[suan]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[su̯an]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄙㄨㄢ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">suan</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-zcs col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-zcs col-u" id="sun"><div class="table-pinyin">sun</div><div class="table-link">[[sun]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[su̯ən]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄙㄨㄣ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">sun</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-zcs col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-zcs col-v col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-zcs col-v"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-zcs col-v"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-zcs col-v"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-zcs col-v"></td>
 
−
<th class="row-zcs last-col" id="s-"><strong>s-</strong></th>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
 
 
−
<tr><!--  G- ROW  -->
 
−
<th class="row-gkh first-col" id="g-"><strong>g-</strong></th>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-a col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-a" id="ga"><div class="table-pinyin">ga</div><div class="table-link">[[ga]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[kɑ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄍㄚ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">ka</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-a" id="gai"><div class="table-pinyin">gai</div><div class="table-link">[[gai]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[kaɪ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄍㄞ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">kai</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-a" id="gao"><div class="table-pinyin">gao</div><div class="table-link">[[gao]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[kɑʊ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄍㄠ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">kao</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-a" id="gan"><div class="table-pinyin">gan</div><div class="table-link">[[gan]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[kan]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄍㄢ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">kan</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-a" id="gang"><div class="table-pinyin">gang</div><div class="table-link">[[gang]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[kɑŋ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄍㄤ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">kang</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-e col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-e" id="ge"><div class="table-pinyin">ge</div><div class="table-link">[[ge]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[kɯ̯ʌ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄍㄜ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">ke</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-e" id="gei"><div class="table-pinyin">gei</div><div class="table-link">[[gei]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[keɪ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄍㄟ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">kei</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-e" id="gen"><div class="table-pinyin">gen</div><div class="table-link">[[gen]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[kən]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄍㄣ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">ken</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-e" id="geng"><div class="table-pinyin">geng</div><div class="table-link">[[geng]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[kəŋ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄍㄥ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">keng</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-e"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-o col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-o"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-o" id="gou"><div class="table-pinyin">gou</div><div class="table-link">[[gou]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[kɤʊ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄍㄡ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">kou</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-o" id="gong"><div class="table-pinyin">gong</div><div class="table-link">[[gong]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[kʊŋ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄍㄨㄥ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">kung</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-i col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-u col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-u" id="gu"><div class="table-pinyin">gu</div><div class="table-link">[[gu]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[ku]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄍㄨ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">ku</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-u" id="gua"><div class="table-pinyin">gua</div><div class="table-link">[[gua]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[ku̯ɑ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄍㄨㄚ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">kua</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-u" id="guai"><div class="table-pinyin">guai</div><div class="table-link">[[guai]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[ku̯aɪ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄍㄨㄞ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">kuai</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-u" id="gui"><div class="table-pinyin">gui</div><div class="table-link">[[gui]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[ku̯eɪ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄍㄨㄟ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">kui</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-u" id="guo"><div class="table-pinyin">guo</div><div class="table-link">[[guo]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[ku̯ɔ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄍㄨㄛ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">ko</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-u" id="guan"><div class="table-pinyin">guan</div><div class="table-link">[[guan]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[ku̯an]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄍㄨㄢ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">kuan</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-u" id="guang"><div class="table-pinyin">guang</div><div class="table-link">[[guang]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[ku̯ɑŋ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄍㄨㄤ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">kuang</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-u" id="gun"><div class="table-pinyin">gun</div><div class="table-link">[[gun]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[ku̯ən]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄍㄨㄣ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">kun</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-v col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-v"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-v"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-v"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-v"></td>
 
−
<th class="row-gkh last-col" id="g-"><strong>g-</strong></th>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
 
 
−
<tr><!--  K- ROW  -->
 
−
<th class="row-gkh first-col" id="k-"><strong>k-</strong></th>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-a col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-a" id="ka"><div class="table-pinyin">ka</div><div class="table-link">[[ka]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[kʰɑ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄎㄚ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">k'a</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-a" id="kai"><div class="table-pinyin">kai</div><div class="table-link">[[kai]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[kʰaɪ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄎㄞ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">k'ai</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-a" id="kao"><div class="table-pinyin">kao</div><div class="table-link">[[kao]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[kʰɑʊ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄎㄠ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">k'ao</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-a" id="kan"><div class="table-pinyin">kan</div><div class="table-link">[[kan]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[kʰan]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄎㄢ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">k'an</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-a" id="kang"><div class="table-pinyin">kang</div><div class="table-link">[[kang]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[kʰɑŋ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄎㄤ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">k'ang</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-e col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-e" id="ke"><div class="table-pinyin">ke</div><div class="table-link">[[ke]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[kʰɯ̯ʌ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄎㄜ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">k'e</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-e" id="kei"><div class="table-pinyin">kei</div><div class="table-link">[[kei]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[kʰeɪ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄎㄟ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">k'ei</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-e" id="ken"><div class="table-pinyin">ken</div><div class="table-link">[[ken]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[kʰən]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄎㄣ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">k'en</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-e" id="keng"><div class="table-pinyin">keng</div><div class="table-link">[[keng]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[kʰəŋ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄎㄥ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">k'eng</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-e"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-o col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-o"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-o" id="kou"><div class="table-pinyin">kou</div><div class="table-link">[[kou]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[kʰɤʊ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄎㄡ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">k'ou</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-o" id="kong"><div class="table-pinyin">kong</div><div class="table-link">[[kong]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[kʰʊŋ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄎㄨㄥ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">k'ung</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-i col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-u col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-u" id="ku"><div class="table-pinyin">ku</div><div class="table-link">[[ku]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[kʰu]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄎㄨ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">k'u</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-u" id="kua"><div class="table-pinyin">kua</div><div class="table-link">[[kua]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[kʰu̯ɑ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄎㄨㄚ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">k'ua</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-u" id="kuai"><div class="table-pinyin">kuai</div><div class="table-link">[[kuai]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[kʰu̯aɪ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄎㄨㄞ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">k'uai</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-u" id="kui"><div class="table-pinyin">kui</div><div class="table-link">[[kui]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[kʰu̯eɪ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄎㄨㄟ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">k'ui</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-u" id="kuo"><div class="table-pinyin">kuo</div><div class="table-link">[[kuo]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[kʰu̯ɔ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄎㄨㄛ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">k'o</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-u" id="kuan"><div class="table-pinyin">kuan</div><div class="table-link">[[kuan]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[kʰu̯an]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄎㄨㄢ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">k'uan</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-u" id="kuang"><div class="table-pinyin">kuang</div><div class="table-link">[[kuang]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[kʰu̯ɑŋ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄎㄨㄤ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">k'uang</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-u" id="kun"><div class="table-pinyin">kun</div><div class="table-link">[[kun]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[kʰu̯ən]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄎㄨㄣ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">k'un</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-v col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-v"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-v"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-v"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-v"></td>
 
−
<th class="row-gkh last-col" id="k-"><strong>k-</strong></th>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
 
 
−
<tr><!--  H- ROW  -->
 
−
<th class="row-gkh first-col" id="h-"><strong>h-</strong></th>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-a col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-a" id="ha"><div class="table-pinyin">ha</div><div class="table-link">[[ha]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[xɑ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄏㄚ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">ha</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-a" id="hai"><div class="table-pinyin">hai</div><div class="table-link">[[hai]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[xaɪ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄏㄞ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">hai</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-a" id="hao"><div class="table-pinyin">hao</div><div class="table-link">[[hao]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[xɑʊ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄏㄠ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">hao</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-a" id="han"><div class="table-pinyin">han</div><div class="table-link">[[han]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[xan]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄏㄢ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">han</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-a" id="hang"><div class="table-pinyin">hang</div><div class="table-link">[[hang]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[xɑŋ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄏㄤ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">hang</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-e col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-e" id="he"><div class="table-pinyin">he</div><div class="table-link">[[he]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[xɯ̯ʌ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄏㄜ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">he</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-e" id="hei"><div class="table-pinyin">hei</div><div class="table-link">[[hei]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[xeɪ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄏㄟ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">hei</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-e" id="hen"><div class="table-pinyin">hen</div><div class="table-link">[[hen]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[xən]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄏㄣ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">hen</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-e" id="heng"><div class="table-pinyin">heng</div><div class="table-link">[[heng]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[xəŋ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄏㄥ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">heng</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-e"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-o col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-o"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-o" id="hou"><div class="table-pinyin">hou</div><div class="table-link">[[hou]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[xɤʊ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄏㄡ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">hou</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-o" id="hong"><div class="table-pinyin">hong</div><div class="table-link">[[hong]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[xʊŋ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄏㄨㄥ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">hung</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-i col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-i"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-u col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-u" id="hu"><div class="table-pinyin">hu</div><div class="table-link">[[hu]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[xu]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄏㄨ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">hu</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-u" id="hua"><div class="table-pinyin">hua</div><div class="table-link">[[hua]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[xu̯ɑ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄏㄨㄚ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">hua</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-u" id="huai"><div class="table-pinyin">huai</div><div class="table-link">[[huai]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[xu̯aɪ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄏㄨㄞ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">huai</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-u" id="hui"><div class="table-pinyin">hui</div><div class="table-link">[[hui]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[xu̯eɪ̯]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄏㄨㄟ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">hui</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-u" id="huo"><div class="table-pinyin">huo</div><div class="table-link">[[huo]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[xu̯ɔ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄏㄨㄛ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">ho</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-u" id="huan"><div class="table-pinyin">huan</div><div class="table-link">[[huan]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[xu̯an]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄏㄨㄢ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">huan</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-u" id="huang"><div class="table-pinyin">huang</div><div class="table-link">[[huang]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[xu̯ɑŋ]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄏㄨㄤ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">huang</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-u" id="hun"><div class="table-pinyin">hun</div><div class="table-link">[[hun]]</div><div class="table-ipa">[xu̯ən]</div><div class="table-zhuyin">ㄏㄨㄣ</div><div class="table-wade-giles">hun</div></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-u"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-v col-placeholder"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-v"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-v"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-v"></td>
 
−
<td class="row-gkh col-v"></td>
 
−
<th class="row-gkh last-col" id="h-"><strong>h-</strong></th>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
</table></div>
 
  
 
{{Number in Series|1|Pinyin quick start  guide}}
 
{{Number in Series|1|Pinyin quick start  guide}}
  
 
[[Category:Pinyin]]
 
[[Category:Pinyin]]
−
{{Point Type|pinyin}}
+
{{Basic Pronunciation|A1|30|Not all sounds in Mandarin are hard! This part covers "p", "m", "f", "d", "t", "n", "l", "s", "g", "k", "h".|pinyin|ASP00003}}
−
{{Level|A1}}
+
{{References|b-}}{{References|p-}}{{References|m-}}{{References|f-}}{{References|d-}}{{References|t-}}
 +
{{References|n-}}{{References|l-}}{{References|s-}}{{References|g-}}{{References|k-}}{{References|h-}}

Revision as of 04:05, 10 September 2015

Although you cannot take for granted that the letters that make up pinyin sound like they do in English, the good news is that many of them do. So before learning about which pinyin letters make crazy new sounds in Mandarin Chinese, it's a good idea to learn the letters that make more familiar sounds. These are the "easy sounds."

The "easy sounds" listed here may not sound exactly like their English counterparts, but they're pretty close. So if you're a beginner, you don't need to worry too much about mispronouncing the following sounds:

  • b- sounds roughly like the English "b" sound, but it is voiceless in Chinese, which means that it might sound a little like a "p" to you. Don't worry; with enough exposure you'll get used to it. Beginners can get away with an English "b" sound.
  • p- sounds just like the English "p" sound. Perfect!
  • m- sounds just like the English "m" sound. Marvelous!
  • f- sounds just like the English "f" sound. Freebie!
  • d- sounds roughly like the English "d" sound. This is also voiceless in Chinese, which means that it might sound a little like a "t" to you. Beginners can get away with an English "d" sound.
  • t- sounds just like the English "t" sound. Terrific!
  • n- sounds just like the English "n" sound. Nice!
  • l- sounds just like the English "l" sound. Lovely!
  • s- sounds just like the English "s" sound. Sweet!
  • g- sounds roughly like the English "g" sound. This is voiceless as well in Chinese, it might sound a little like a "k" to you. Beginners can get away with an English "g" sound.
  • k- sounds just like the English "k" sound. Killer!
  • h- sometimes sounds pretty much like the English "h" sound, but other times a bit raspy, similar to the throaty sound in the word "chutzpah." This variation is natural, and both versions are OK. So you're fine just making the regular "h" sound that you're familiar with.

You will see these "easy sounds" on the left side pinyin chart, but you'll want to learn a vowel or two before you can practice actual syllables. The next part of this guide covers your first pinyin vowel: the "a" vowel.


Retrieved from "https://resources.allsetlearning.com/pronwiki/?title=Easy_sounds&oldid=3520"