Difference between revisions of "Comparing "deng" and "dengdeng""
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− | 等 and 等等 both | + | 等 (děng) and 等等 (děngděng) both mean “and so on” or “etc.” Both can be used in formal and in informal contexts. While they can often be used interchangeably, only 等 comes before nouns. |
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− | == | + | == Both 等 and 等等 be used at the end of a sentence == |
− | + | They both mean "et cetera" or "and so on" in this usage. Either one is fine. Aside from the end of a sentence, it's also OK to use both before a mid-sentence comma. | |
<div class="liju"> | <div class="liju"> | ||
+ | * 她 喜欢的 运动 有 游泳、跑步、瑜伽 <em>等</em>。 <span class="pinyin">Tā xǐhuan de yùndòng yǒu yóuyǒng, pǎobù, yújiā <em> děng </em>.</span><span class="trans">Her favorite sports are swimming, running, yoga, etc.</span> | ||
+ | * 这个 动物园 里 有 很 多 野生 动物 , 老虎 、狮子 <em>等等</em> 。 <span class="pinyin">Zhège dòngwùyuán lǐ yǒu hěn duō yěshēng dòngwù, lǎohǔ, shīzi, <em>děngděng</em>.</span><span class="trans">This zoo has many wild animals, such as tigers, lions, etc.</span> | ||
+ | * 饺子 、 包子 、 面 <em>等</em> , 我 都 喜欢 吃。 <span class="pinyin">Jiǎozi, bāozi, miàn <em> děng </em>, wǒ dōu xǐhuan chī.</span><span class="trans">I like to eat stuff like dumplings, dumplings, noodles, etc.</span> | ||
+ | * 这个 房子 有 很 多 东西 : 电视 、 电脑 、 电冰箱 <em>等等</em> 。 <span class="pinyin">Zhège fángzi yǒu hěn duō dōngxi : diànshì, diànnǎo, diànbīngxiāng <em> děngděng </em>.</span><span class="trans">The house has a lot of stuff in it: TV, computer, refrigerator, and so on.</span> | ||
+ | * 明天 我 要 去 骑行, 我 需要 准备 很 多 东西 , 比如 说 自行车 , 头盔 和 吃 的 东西 <em>等等</em> 。 <span class="pinyin">Míngtiān wǒ yào qù qí xíng, wǒ xūyào zhǔnbèi hěn duō dōngxi, bǐrú shuō zìxíngchē, tóukuī hé chī de dōngxī <em>děngděng</em>.</span><span class="trans">Tomorrow I am going for a ride and I need to prepare a lot of things, such as a bike, helmet and food.</span> | ||
+ | * 我 喜欢 看 小说、电影、纪录片<em>等等</em>。 <span class="pinyin">Wǒ xǐhuan kàn xiǎoshuō, diànyǐng, jìlùpiàn, <em> děngděng </em>.</span><span class="trans">I like to read novels, movies, documentaries, and so on.</span> | ||
+ | * 我们 公司的 优势 是 什么?我们 有 政府的 支持,我们 有 不加班的 文化,我们 有 有趣的 同事,<em>等等</em>。 <span class="pinyin">Wǒmen gōngsī de yōushì shì shénme? wǒmen yǒu zhèngfǔ de zhīchí, wǒmen yǒu bù jiābān de wénhuà, wǒmen yǒu yǒuqù de tóngshì, <em> děngděng </em>.</span><span class="trans">What are the strengths of our company? We have the support of the government, we have a culture of no overtime, we have interesting colleagues, and so on.</span> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
− | * | + | Note on punctuation: a comma sometimes precedes 等等 but not 等. |
+ | |||
+ | == Only 等 can be used directly before a noun == | ||
+ | |||
+ | 等 can come directly before a noun which explains what types of things one is listing out. The 等 also normally implies that there are others not listed. | ||
+ | |||
+ | <div class="liju"> | ||
+ | * 我 去 过 法国、英国、泰国 <em>等</em> 国家。 <span class="pinyin">Wǒ qù guo Fǎguó, Yīngguó, tàiguó <em> děng </em> guójiā.</span><span class="trans">I have been to France, England, Thailand and other countries.</span> | ||
+ | * 这个 列车 终点站 是 深圳,我们 会 路过 石家庄、郑州、武汉、长沙 <em>等</em> 地方。 <span class="pinyin">Zhège lièchē zhōngdiǎn zhàn shì Shēnzhèn, wǒmen huì lùguò Shíjiāzhuāng, Zhèngzhōu, Wǔhàn, Chángshā <em> děng </em> dìfang.</span><span class="trans">This train ends in Shenzhen, we will pass through Shijiazhuang, Zhengzhou, Wuhan, Changsha and other places.</span> | ||
+ | * 我们 公司 有 采购部 、 财务 部 、 销售 部 和 人事 部 <em>等</em> 部门 。 <span class="pinyin">Wǒmen gōngsī yǒu cǎigòubù, cáiwù bù, xiāoshòu bù hé rénshì bù <em> děng </em> bùmén.</span><span class="trans">Our company has procurement, finance, sales and HR departments, among others.</span> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
− | + | Occasionally you'll also see 等 after a list of things even when all have been listed, and no "etc." is technically needed: | |
<div class="liju"> | <div class="liju"> | ||
+ | * 联合国 有 汉语、英语、法语、俄语、西班牙语、阿拉伯语 <em>等</em> 六 种 工作 语言。 <span class="pinyin">Liánhéguó yǒu Hànyǔ, Yīngyǔ, Fǎyǔ, Éyǔ, Xībānyáyǔ, Ālābóyǔ <em> děng </em> liù zhǒng gōngzuò yǔyán.</span><span class="trans">The United Nations has six working languages: Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish, and Arabic.</span> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
− | * | + | == Sources and further reading == |
− | + | ||
+ | === Books === | ||
+ | |||
+ | * 《对外汉语教学语法》 齐沪扬 复旦大学出版社 第149页 | ||
+ | |||
+ | === Websites === | ||
− | + | * [https://zhidao.baidu.com/question/21185888.html 等和等等有什么区别 ] | |
+ | * [https://www.jianshu.com/p/e61f142146bd 助词“等等”前面该如何使用标点符号? ] |
Latest revision as of 03:17, 5 May 2022
等 (děng) and 等等 (děngděng) both mean “and so on” or “etc.” Both can be used in formal and in informal contexts. While they can often be used interchangeably, only 等 comes before nouns.
等 (děng) | 等等 (děngděng) | |
---|---|---|
Meaning | and so on, etc. | and so on, etc. |
Part of Speech | auxiliary | auxiliary |
Formality | flexible | flexible |
Contents
Both 等 and 等等 be used at the end of a sentence
They both mean "et cetera" or "and so on" in this usage. Either one is fine. Aside from the end of a sentence, it's also OK to use both before a mid-sentence comma.
- 她 喜欢的 运动 有 游泳、跑步、瑜伽 等。 Her favorite sports are swimming, running, yoga, etc.
- 这个 动物园 里 有 很 多 野生 动物 , 老虎 、狮子 等等 。 This zoo has many wild animals, such as tigers, lions, etc.
- 饺子 、 包子 、 面 等 , 我 都 喜欢 吃。 I like to eat stuff like dumplings, dumplings, noodles, etc.
- 这个 房子 有 很 多 东西 : 电视 、 电脑 、 电冰箱 等等 。 The house has a lot of stuff in it: TV, computer, refrigerator, and so on.
- 明天 我 要 去 骑行, 我 需要 准备 很 多 东西 , 比如 说 自行车 , 头盔 和 吃 的 东西 等等 。 Tomorrow I am going for a ride and I need to prepare a lot of things, such as a bike, helmet and food.
- 我 喜欢 看 小说、电影、纪录片等等。 I like to read novels, movies, documentaries, and so on.
- 我们 公司的 优势 是 什么?我们 有 政府的 支持,我们 有 不加班的 文化,我们 有 有趣的 同事,等等。 What are the strengths of our company? We have the support of the government, we have a culture of no overtime, we have interesting colleagues, and so on.
Note on punctuation: a comma sometimes precedes 等等 but not 等.
Only 等 can be used directly before a noun
等 can come directly before a noun which explains what types of things one is listing out. The 等 also normally implies that there are others not listed.
- 我 去 过 法国、英国、泰国 等 国家。 I have been to France, England, Thailand and other countries.
- 这个 列车 终点站 是 深圳,我们 会 路过 石家庄、郑州、武汉、长沙 等 地方。 This train ends in Shenzhen, we will pass through Shijiazhuang, Zhengzhou, Wuhan, Changsha and other places.
- 我们 公司 有 采购部 、 财务 部 、 销售 部 和 人事 部 等 部门 。 Our company has procurement, finance, sales and HR departments, among others.
Occasionally you'll also see 等 after a list of things even when all have been listed, and no "etc." is technically needed:
- 联合国 有 汉语、英语、法语、俄语、西班牙语、阿拉伯语 等 六 种 工作 语言。 The United Nations has six working languages: Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish, and Arabic.
Sources and further reading
Books
- 《对外汉语教学语法》 齐沪扬 复旦大学出版社 第149页