Difference between revisions of "Comparing "deng" and "dengdeng""
TomConnelly (talk | contribs) (Created page with "等 and 等等 both are both auxiliaries that mean “and so on” or “etc.”. Both can be used in formal in informal settings. While sometimes they can be used interchange...") |
|||
(25 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
− | 等 and 等等 both | + | 等 (děng) and 等等 (děngděng) both mean “and so on” or “etc.” Both can be used in formal and in informal contexts. While they can often be used interchangeably, only 等 comes before nouns. |
− | + | {{SimilarWordsCol1|等|děng|and so on, etc.|auxiliary|flexible}} | |
− | + | {{SimilarWordsCol2|等等|děngděng|and so on, etc.|auxiliary|flexible}} | |
− | + | {{SimilarWordsPageInfo|B1|HSK4|ASV4567}} | |
− | + | {{2021-HSK|HSK2}} | |
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | == | + | == Both 等 and 等等 be used at the end of a sentence == |
− | + | They both mean "et cetera" or "and so on" in this usage. Either one is fine. Aside from the end of a sentence, it's also OK to use both before a mid-sentence comma. | |
<div class="liju"> | <div class="liju"> | ||
+ | * 她 喜欢的 运动 有 游泳、跑步、瑜伽 <em>等</em>。 <span class="pinyin">Tā xǐhuan de yùndòng yǒu yóuyǒng, pǎobù, yújiā <em> děng </em>.</span><span class="trans">Her favorite sports are swimming, running, yoga, etc.</span> | ||
+ | * 这个 动物园 里 有 很 多 野生 动物 , 老虎 、狮子 <em>等等</em> 。 <span class="pinyin">Zhège dòngwùyuán lǐ yǒu hěn duō yěshēng dòngwù, lǎohǔ, shīzi, <em>děngděng</em>.</span><span class="trans">This zoo has many wild animals, such as tigers, lions, etc.</span> | ||
+ | * 饺子 、 包子 、 面 <em>等</em> , 我 都 喜欢 吃。 <span class="pinyin">Jiǎozi, bāozi, miàn <em> děng </em>, wǒ dōu xǐhuan chī.</span><span class="trans">I like to eat stuff like dumplings, dumplings, noodles, etc.</span> | ||
+ | * 这个 房子 有 很 多 东西 : 电视 、 电脑 、 电冰箱 <em>等等</em> 。 <span class="pinyin">Zhège fángzi yǒu hěn duō dōngxi : diànshì, diànnǎo, diànbīngxiāng <em> děngděng </em>.</span><span class="trans">The house has a lot of stuff in it: TV, computer, refrigerator, and so on.</span> | ||
+ | * 明天 我 要 去 骑行, 我 需要 准备 很 多 东西 , 比如 说 自行车 , 头盔 和 吃 的 东西 <em>等等</em> 。 <span class="pinyin">Míngtiān wǒ yào qù qí xíng, wǒ xūyào zhǔnbèi hěn duō dōngxi, bǐrú shuō zìxíngchē, tóukuī hé chī de dōngxī <em>děngděng</em>.</span><span class="trans">Tomorrow I am going for a ride and I need to prepare a lot of things, such as a bike, helmet and food.</span> | ||
+ | * 我 喜欢 看 小说、电影、纪录片<em>等等</em>。 <span class="pinyin">Wǒ xǐhuan kàn xiǎoshuō, diànyǐng, jìlùpiàn, <em> děngděng </em>.</span><span class="trans">I like to read novels, movies, documentaries, and so on.</span> | ||
+ | * 我们 公司的 优势 是 什么?我们 有 政府的 支持,我们 有 不加班的 文化,我们 有 有趣的 同事,<em>等等</em>。 <span class="pinyin">Wǒmen gōngsī de yōushì shì shénme? wǒmen yǒu zhèngfǔ de zhīchí, wǒmen yǒu bù jiābān de wénhuà, wǒmen yǒu yǒuqù de tóngshì, <em> děngděng </em>.</span><span class="trans">What are the strengths of our company? We have the support of the government, we have a culture of no overtime, we have interesting colleagues, and so on.</span> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
− | * | + | Note on punctuation: a comma sometimes precedes 等等 but not 等. |
+ | |||
+ | == Only 等 can be used directly before a noun == | ||
+ | |||
+ | 等 can come directly before a noun which explains what types of things one is listing out. The 等 also normally implies that there are others not listed. | ||
+ | |||
+ | <div class="liju"> | ||
+ | * 我 去 过 法国、英国、泰国 <em>等</em> 国家。 <span class="pinyin">Wǒ qù guo Fǎguó, Yīngguó, tàiguó <em> děng </em> guójiā.</span><span class="trans">I have been to France, England, Thailand and other countries.</span> | ||
+ | * 这个 列车 终点站 是 深圳,我们 会 路过 石家庄、郑州、武汉、长沙 <em>等</em> 地方。 <span class="pinyin">Zhège lièchē zhōngdiǎn zhàn shì Shēnzhèn, wǒmen huì lùguò Shíjiāzhuāng, Zhèngzhōu, Wǔhàn, Chángshā <em> děng </em> dìfang.</span><span class="trans">This train ends in Shenzhen, we will pass through Shijiazhuang, Zhengzhou, Wuhan, Changsha and other places.</span> | ||
+ | * 我们 公司 有 采购部 、 财务 部 、 销售 部 和 人事 部 <em>等</em> 部门 。 <span class="pinyin">Wǒmen gōngsī yǒu cǎigòubù, cáiwù bù, xiāoshòu bù hé rénshì bù <em> děng </em> bùmén.</span><span class="trans">Our company has procurement, finance, sales and HR departments, among others.</span> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
− | + | Occasionally you'll also see 等 after a list of things even when all have been listed, and no "etc." is technically needed: | |
<div class="liju"> | <div class="liju"> | ||
+ | * 联合国 有 汉语、英语、法语、俄语、西班牙语、阿拉伯语 <em>等</em> 六 种 工作 语言。 <span class="pinyin">Liánhéguó yǒu Hànyǔ, Yīngyǔ, Fǎyǔ, Éyǔ, Xībānyáyǔ, Ālābóyǔ <em> děng </em> liù zhǒng gōngzuò yǔyán.</span><span class="trans">The United Nations has six working languages: Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish, and Arabic.</span> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
− | * | + | == Sources and further reading == |
− | + | ||
+ | === Books === | ||
+ | |||
+ | * 《对外汉语教学语法》 齐沪扬 复旦大学出版社 第149页 | ||
+ | |||
+ | === Websites === | ||
− | + | * [https://zhidao.baidu.com/question/21185888.html 等和等等有什么区别 ] | |
+ | * [https://www.jianshu.com/p/e61f142146bd 助词“等等”前面该如何使用标点符号? ] |
Latest revision as of 03:17, 5 May 2022
等 (děng) and 等等 (děngděng) both mean “and so on” or “etc.” Both can be used in formal and in informal contexts. While they can often be used interchangeably, only 等 comes before nouns.
等 (děng) | 等等 (děngděng) | |
---|---|---|
Meaning | and so on, etc. | and so on, etc. |
Part of Speech | auxiliary | auxiliary |
Formality | flexible | flexible |
Contents
Both 等 and 等等 be used at the end of a sentence
They both mean "et cetera" or "and so on" in this usage. Either one is fine. Aside from the end of a sentence, it's also OK to use both before a mid-sentence comma.
- 她 喜欢的 运动 有 游泳、跑步、瑜伽 等。 Her favorite sports are swimming, running, yoga, etc.
- 这个 动物园 里 有 很 多 野生 动物 , 老虎 、狮子 等等 。 This zoo has many wild animals, such as tigers, lions, etc.
- 饺子 、 包子 、 面 等 , 我 都 喜欢 吃。 I like to eat stuff like dumplings, dumplings, noodles, etc.
- 这个 房子 有 很 多 东西 : 电视 、 电脑 、 电冰箱 等等 。 The house has a lot of stuff in it: TV, computer, refrigerator, and so on.
- 明天 我 要 去 骑行, 我 需要 准备 很 多 东西 , 比如 说 自行车 , 头盔 和 吃 的 东西 等等 。 Tomorrow I am going for a ride and I need to prepare a lot of things, such as a bike, helmet and food.
- 我 喜欢 看 小说、电影、纪录片等等。 I like to read novels, movies, documentaries, and so on.
- 我们 公司的 优势 是 什么?我们 有 政府的 支持,我们 有 不加班的 文化,我们 有 有趣的 同事,等等。 What are the strengths of our company? We have the support of the government, we have a culture of no overtime, we have interesting colleagues, and so on.
Note on punctuation: a comma sometimes precedes 等等 but not 等.
Only 等 can be used directly before a noun
等 can come directly before a noun which explains what types of things one is listing out. The 等 also normally implies that there are others not listed.
- 我 去 过 法国、英国、泰国 等 国家。 I have been to France, England, Thailand and other countries.
- 这个 列车 终点站 是 深圳,我们 会 路过 石家庄、郑州、武汉、长沙 等 地方。 This train ends in Shenzhen, we will pass through Shijiazhuang, Zhengzhou, Wuhan, Changsha and other places.
- 我们 公司 有 采购部 、 财务 部 、 销售 部 和 人事 部 等 部门 。 Our company has procurement, finance, sales and HR departments, among others.
Occasionally you'll also see 等 after a list of things even when all have been listed, and no "etc." is technically needed:
- 联合国 有 汉语、英语、法语、俄语、西班牙语、阿拉伯语 等 六 种 工作 语言。 The United Nations has six working languages: Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish, and Arabic.
Sources and further reading
Books
- 《对外汉语教学语法》 齐沪扬 复旦大学出版社 第149页