Difference between revisions of "Comparing "deng" and "dengdeng""

 
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等 and 等等 both are both auxiliaries that mean “and so on” or “etc.”. Both can be used in formal in informal settings. While sometimes they can be used interchangeably, both have distinct uses.
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(děng) and 等等 (děngděng) both mean “and so on” or “etc.” Both can be used in formal and in informal contexts. While they can often be used interchangeably, only 等 comes before nouns.
  
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== Both 等 and 等等 be used after two or more words in a list to mean “and so on” or “etc.”. ==
 
  
== To sum up 2 or more words used in a list only can be used ==
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== Both and 等等 be used at the end of a sentence ==
  
=== Example sentences ===
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They both mean "et cetera" or "and so on" in this usage. Either one is fine. Aside from the end of a sentence, it's also OK to use both before a mid-sentence comma.
  
 
<div class="liju">
 
<div class="liju">
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* 她 喜欢的 运动 有 游泳、跑步、瑜伽 <em>等</em>。 <span class="pinyin">Tā xǐhuan de yùndòng yǒu yóuyǒng, pǎobù, yújiā <em> děng </em>.</span><span class="trans">Her favorite sports are swimming, running, yoga, etc.</span>
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* 这个 动物园 里 有 很 多 野生 动物 , 老虎 、狮子 <em>等等</em> 。 <span class="pinyin">Zhège dòngwùyuán lǐ yǒu hěn duō yěshēng dòngwù, lǎohǔ, shīzi,  <em>děngděng</em>.</span><span class="trans">This zoo has many wild animals, such as tigers, lions, etc.</span>
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* 饺子 、 包子 、 面 <em>等</em> , 我 都 喜欢 吃。 <span class="pinyin">Jiǎozi, bāozi, miàn <em> děng </em>, wǒ dōu xǐhuan chī.</span><span class="trans">I like to eat stuff like dumplings, dumplings, noodles, etc.</span>
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* 这个 房子 有 很 多 东西 : 电视 、 电脑 、 电冰箱 <em>等等</em> 。 <span class="pinyin">Zhège fángzi yǒu hěn duō dōngxi : diànshì, diànnǎo, diànbīngxiāng <em> děngděng </em>.</span><span class="trans">The house has a lot of stuff in it: TV, computer, refrigerator, and so on.</span>
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* 明天 我 要 去 骑行, 我 需要 准备 很 多 东西 , 比如 说 自行车 , 头盔 和 吃 的 东西 <em>等等</em> 。 <span class="pinyin">Míngtiān wǒ yào qù qí xíng, wǒ xūyào zhǔnbèi hěn duō dōngxi, bǐrú shuō zìxíngchē, tóukuī hé chī de dōngxī <em>děngděng</em>.</span><span class="trans">Tomorrow I am going for a ride and I need to prepare a lot of things, such as a bike, helmet and food.</span>
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* 我 喜欢 看 小说、电影、纪录片<em>等等</em>。 <span class="pinyin">Wǒ xǐhuan kàn xiǎoshuō, diànyǐng, jìlùpiàn, <em> děngděng </em>.</span><span class="trans">I like to read novels, movies, documentaries, and so on.</span>
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* 我们 公司的 优势 是 什么?我们 有 政府的 支持,我们 有 不加班的 文化,我们 有 有趣的 同事,<em>等等</em>。 <span class="pinyin">Wǒmen gōngsī de yōushì shì shénme? wǒmen yǒu zhèngfǔ de zhīchí, wǒmen yǒu bù jiābān de wénhuà, wǒmen yǒu yǒuqù de tóngshì, <em> děngděng </em>.</span><span class="trans">What are the strengths of our company? We have the support of the government, we have a culture of no overtime, we have interesting colleagues, and so on.</span>
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</div>
  
* 在中国,长江、黄河,黑龙江、珠江等四大河流都非常重要。
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Note on punctuation: a comma sometimes precedes 等等 but not 等.
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== Only 等 can be used directly before a noun ==
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等 can come directly before a noun which explains what types of things one is listing out. The 等 also normally implies that there are others not listed.
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<div class="liju">
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* 我 去 过 法国、英国、泰国 <em>等</em> 国家。 <span class="pinyin">Wǒ qù guo Fǎguó, Yīngguó, tàiguó <em> děng </em> guójiā.</span><span class="trans">I have been to France, England, Thailand and other countries.</span>
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* 这个 列车 终点站 是 深圳,我们 会 路过 石家庄、郑州、武汉、长沙 <em>等</em> 地方。 <span class="pinyin">Zhège lièchē zhōngdiǎn zhàn shì Shēnzhèn, wǒmen huì lùguò Shíjiāzhuāng, Zhèngzhōu, Wǔhàn, Chángshā <em> děng </em> dìfang.</span><span class="trans">This train ends in Shenzhen, we will pass through Shijiazhuang, Zhengzhou, Wuhan, Changsha and other places.</span>
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* 我们 公司 有 采购部 、 财务 部 、 销售 部 和 人事 部 <em>等</em> 部门 。 <span class="pinyin">Wǒmen gōngsī yǒu cǎigòubù, cáiwù bù, xiāoshòu bù hé rénshì bù <em> děng </em> bùmén.</span><span class="trans">Our company has procurement, finance, sales and HR departments, among others.</span>
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
== At the end of a sentence only 等等 can be repeated twice ==
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Occasionally you'll also see 等 after a list of things even when all have been listed, and no "etc." is technically needed:
  
 
<div class="liju">
 
<div class="liju">
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* 联合国 有 汉语、英语、法语、俄语、西班牙语、阿拉伯语 <em>等</em> 六 种 工作 语言。 <span class="pinyin">Liánhéguó yǒu Hànyǔ, Yīngyǔ, Fǎyǔ, Éyǔ, Xībānyáyǔ, Ālābóyǔ <em> děng </em> liù zhǒng gōngzuò yǔyán.</span><span class="trans">The United Nations has six working languages: Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish, and Arabic.</span>
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</div>
  
* 我喜欢各种各样的运动,比如,打篮球、踢足球、练瑜伽等等,等等。
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== Sources and further reading ==
</div>
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=== Books ===
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* 《对外汉语教学语法》 齐沪扬 复旦大学出版社 第149页
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=== Websites ===
  
== When 等等 is used in formal writing it is usually proceeded by a comma ==
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* [https://zhidao.baidu.com/question/21185888.html 等和等等有什么区别 ]
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* [https://www.jianshu.com/p/e61f142146bd 助词“等等”前面该如何使用标点符号? ]

Latest revision as of 03:17, 5 May 2022

等 (děng) and 等等 (děngděng) both mean “and so on” or “etc.” Both can be used in formal and in informal contexts. While they can often be used interchangeably, only 等 comes before nouns.











B1HSK4ASV4567
等 (děng) 等等 (děngděng)
Meaning and so on, etc. and so on, etc.
Part of Speech auxiliary auxiliary
Formality flexible flexible


Both 等 and 等等 be used at the end of a sentence

They both mean "et cetera" or "and so on" in this usage. Either one is fine. Aside from the end of a sentence, it's also OK to use both before a mid-sentence comma.

  • 她 喜欢的 运动 有 游泳、跑步、瑜伽 Tā xǐhuan de yùndòng yǒu yóuyǒng, pǎobù, yújiā děng .Her favorite sports are swimming, running, yoga, etc.
  • 这个 动物园 里 有 很 多 野生 动物 , 老虎 、狮子 等等 。 Zhège dòngwùyuán lǐ yǒu hěn duō yěshēng dòngwù, lǎohǔ, shīzi, děngděng.This zoo has many wild animals, such as tigers, lions, etc.
  • 饺子 、 包子 、 面  , 我 都 喜欢 吃。 Jiǎozi, bāozi, miàn děng , wǒ dōu xǐhuan chī.I like to eat stuff like dumplings, dumplings, noodles, etc.
  • 这个 房子 有 很 多 东西 : 电视 、 电脑 、 电冰箱 等等 。 Zhège fángzi yǒu hěn duō dōngxi : diànshì, diànnǎo, diànbīngxiāng děngděng .The house has a lot of stuff in it: TV, computer, refrigerator, and so on.
  • 明天 我 要 去 骑行, 我 需要 准备 很 多 东西 , 比如 说 自行车 , 头盔 和 吃 的 东西 等等 。 Míngtiān wǒ yào qù qí xíng, wǒ xūyào zhǔnbèi hěn duō dōngxi, bǐrú shuō zìxíngchē, tóukuī hé chī de dōngxī děngděng.Tomorrow I am going for a ride and I need to prepare a lot of things, such as a bike, helmet and food.
  • 我 喜欢 看 小说、电影、纪录片等等Wǒ xǐhuan kàn xiǎoshuō, diànyǐng, jìlùpiàn, děngděng .I like to read novels, movies, documentaries, and so on.
  • 我们 公司的 优势 是 什么?我们 有 政府的 支持,我们 有 不加班的 文化,我们 有 有趣的 同事,等等Wǒmen gōngsī de yōushì shì shénme? wǒmen yǒu zhèngfǔ de zhīchí, wǒmen yǒu bù jiābān de wénhuà, wǒmen yǒu yǒuqù de tóngshì, děngděng .What are the strengths of our company? We have the support of the government, we have a culture of no overtime, we have interesting colleagues, and so on.

Note on punctuation: a comma sometimes precedes 等等 but not 等.

Only 等 can be used directly before a noun

等 can come directly before a noun which explains what types of things one is listing out. The 等 also normally implies that there are others not listed.

  • 我 去 过 法国、英国、泰国 国家。 Wǒ qù guo Fǎguó, Yīngguó, tàiguó děng guójiā.I have been to France, England, Thailand and other countries.
  • 这个 列车 终点站 是 深圳,我们 会 路过 石家庄、郑州、武汉、长沙 地方。 Zhège lièchē zhōngdiǎn zhàn shì Shēnzhèn, wǒmen huì lùguò Shíjiāzhuāng, Zhèngzhōu, Wǔhàn, Chángshā děng dìfang.This train ends in Shenzhen, we will pass through Shijiazhuang, Zhengzhou, Wuhan, Changsha and other places.
  • 我们 公司 有 采购部 、 财务 部 、 销售 部 和 人事 部  部门 。 Wǒmen gōngsī yǒu cǎigòubù, cáiwù bù, xiāoshòu bù hé rénshì bù děng bùmén.Our company has procurement, finance, sales and HR departments, among others.

Occasionally you'll also see 等 after a list of things even when all have been listed, and no "etc." is technically needed:

  • 联合国 有 汉语、英语、法语、俄语、西班牙语、阿拉伯语 六 种 工作 语言。 Liánhéguó yǒu Hànyǔ, Yīngyǔ, Fǎyǔ, Éyǔ, Xībānyáyǔ, Ālābóyǔ děng liù zhǒng gōngzuò yǔyán.The United Nations has six working languages: Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish, and Arabic.

Sources and further reading

Books

  • 《对外汉语教学语法》 齐沪扬 复旦大学出版社 第149页

Websites