Difference between revisions of "Adjective"

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== Potential articles / sections ==
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{{AKA|形容词 (xíngróngcí)}}
  
* Adjectives negated with 不
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Adjectives are the "describing" words of a language. In Chinese, they have some characteristics that they don't have in English.
* Adjectives can form [[Positive-negative questions|positive-negative questions]].
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* Some adjectives can be reduplicated for emphasis.
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==Characteristics==
** They are reduplicated AABB e.g. 干干净净.
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# The majority of adjectives can be modified by both the [[Standard negation with "bu"|adverb ""]] and the [[Simple "noun + adjective" sentences|adverb "很"]].
** 的 must be used with reduplicated adjectives.
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# In sentences, adjectives are generally predicates, attributes, or complements.
* Can be followed by complements
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# Adjectives do not take objects.
* Can function as predicate. 是 is not used with adjectives.
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# Adjectives can be [[Reduplication of adjectives|reduplicated]].
** can be used with adjectives
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*** in neutral tone just indicates the predicate.
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== Notes ==
*** 很 in third tone adds emphasis to the adjective.
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** Some adjectives are not preceded by 很, but are followed by 了: 饿, 渴, 病
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===Reduplication===
* Single character adjectives can modify directly, e.g. 新书. 的 can optionally be inserted to emphasise the adjective: 新的书.
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[[Adjective reduplication]] is a common phenomenon in Chinese, usually used to emphasize the quality of the adjective. There are many different patterns for reduplicating adjectives, including AABB (e.g. 干干净净), ABB (e.g. 红通通) or BABA (e.g. 雪白雪白). When adjectives are reduplicated, they must be followed by a "的."
* A two character adjective modifying a single character noun has to have 的, e.g. 好看的画.
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* If the adjective and noun are both two characters, 的 is optional as with single character adjectives.
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===Predicates===
* Rules for 的 for modifying nouns also apply to 地 for modifying verbs.
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Adjectives can function as predicates. However, 是 is not used with adjectives. Instead, you have to [[simple "noun + adjective" sentences|use ""]]. This is another common beginning mistake. In order to connect a noun to its adjective, use , not 是. In terms of pronunciation, a neutral just indicates the predicate, but a 很 in third tone adds emphasis to the adjective. Some adjectives are not preceded by 很, but are followed by 了: 饿, 渴, 病. These adjectives often describe a change of state, explaining the different grammar.
* 多 and 少 are special
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** Must be combined with 很 or 不 to form attributives for nouns
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If the adjective is only a single character, it can directly modify the noun, (e.g. 新书). 的 can optionally be inserted to emphasize the adjective: 新的书. On the other hand, if the adjective has two characters, and the noun it modifies only has one, the is required, (e.g. 好看的画). If both have two characters, the 的 is optional just as it is with single character adjectives. These rules also apply to 地 when modifying verbs.
** 的 is not necessary with 多 and 少.
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* Different ways to say:
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===Special adjectives 多 and 少===
** Bad
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** Nice
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These two adjectives must be combined with 很 or 不 in order to form attributives for nouns. However, 的 is not necessary with 多 and 少.
** Beautiful
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===Further notes===
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* Adjectives can form [[affirmative-negative questions]] by placing the adjective and the negated adjective next to each other (e.g. 他高不高?)
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* Adjectives can be followed by complements such as "[[budeliao]]." These complements usually express degree.
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==Types adjectives==
  
 
* [[Stative verbs]]
 
* [[Stative verbs]]
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* [[Qualitative adjectives]]
 
* [[Qualitative adjectives]]
  
== Sources ==
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== Grammar Patterns for Adjectives ==
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{{POS Page|Adjectives}}
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== Sources and further reading ==
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===Books===
  
 
* [http://www.amazon.cn/mn/detailApp?_encoding=UTF8&tag=allset-23&linkCode=as2&asin=B001J0ADWA&camp=536&creative=3132&creativeASIN=B001J0ADWA 外国人实用汉语语法(中英文对照) (pp. 48 - 57)]4
 
* [http://www.amazon.cn/mn/detailApp?_encoding=UTF8&tag=allset-23&linkCode=as2&asin=B001J0ADWA&camp=536&creative=3132&creativeASIN=B001J0ADWA 外国人实用汉语语法(中英文对照) (pp. 48 - 57)]4
 
* [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1933330899/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399373&creativeASIN=1933330899 Basic Patterns of Chinese Grammar] (pp. 56 - 64)
 
* [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1933330899/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399373&creativeASIN=1933330899 Basic Patterns of Chinese Grammar] (pp. 56 - 64)
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* [http://www.amazon.cn/mn/detailApp?_encoding=UTF8&tag=allset-23&linkCode=as2&asin=B001DUFS3A&camp=536&creative=3132&creativeASIN=B001DUFS3A 实用汉语语法] (pp. 52 - 54)
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* [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0415700108?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0415700108 Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide] (pp. 56 - 68)
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* [http://www.amazon.cn/mn/detailApp/ref=as_li_ss_tl?_encoding=UTF8&tag=allset-23&linkCode=as2&asin=B002ZNK7JE&camp=536&creative=3132&creativeASIN=B002ZNK7JE 汉语常用格式330例]
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===Websites===
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* Wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_adjectives Chinese adjectives]
  
 
[[Category:Parts of speech]]
 
[[Category:Parts of speech]]
 
[[Category:Content words]]
 
[[Category:Content words]]

Latest revision as of 04:05, 25 April 2017

Also known as: 形容词 (xíngróngcí).

Adjectives are the "describing" words of a language. In Chinese, they have some characteristics that they don't have in English.

Characteristics

  1. The majority of adjectives can be modified by both the adverb "不" and the adverb "很".
  2. In sentences, adjectives are generally predicates, attributes, or complements.
  3. Adjectives do not take objects.
  4. Adjectives can be reduplicated.

Notes

Reduplication

Adjective reduplication is a common phenomenon in Chinese, usually used to emphasize the quality of the adjective. There are many different patterns for reduplicating adjectives, including AABB (e.g. 干干净净), ABB (e.g. 红通通) or BABA (e.g. 雪白雪白). When adjectives are reduplicated, they must be followed by a "的."

Predicates

Adjectives can function as predicates. However, 是 is not used with adjectives. Instead, you have to use "很". This is another common beginning mistake. In order to connect a noun to its adjective, use 很, not 是. In terms of pronunciation, a neutral 很 just indicates the predicate, but a 很 in third tone adds emphasis to the adjective. Some adjectives are not preceded by 很, but are followed by 了: 饿, 渴, 病. These adjectives often describe a change of state, explaining the different grammar.

If the adjective is only a single character, it can directly modify the noun, (e.g. 新书). 的 can optionally be inserted to emphasize the adjective: 新的书. On the other hand, if the adjective has two characters, and the noun it modifies only has one, the 的 is required, (e.g. 好看的画). If both have two characters, the 的 is optional just as it is with single character adjectives. These rules also apply to 地 when modifying verbs.

Special adjectives 多 and 少

These two adjectives must be combined with 很 or 不 in order to form attributives for nouns. However, 的 is not necessary with 多 and 少.

Further notes

  • Adjectives can form affirmative-negative questions by placing the adjective and the negated adjective next to each other (e.g. 他高不高?)
  • Adjectives can be followed by complements such as "budeliao." These complements usually express degree.

Types adjectives

Grammar Patterns for Adjectives

A2 Adjectives

Grammar Point (English) Pattern Examples
Negative adjectives with "-si le" Adj. + 死了 我 今天 累 死了

B1 Adjectives

Grammar Point (English) Pattern Examples
Adjectives with "-ji le" Adj. + 极了 这个 主意 好 极了
Expressing "not very" with "bu zenme" 不怎么 + Adj. 这里 的 菜 他 不怎么 好吃
Indicating the whole with "quan" 全 + Noun 我们 家 都 去 旅游 了。
Reduplication of adjectives Adj. + Adj. 你 应该 慢慢 地 走。
Turning adjectives into adverbs Adj. + 地 + Verb 你 要 认真 学习。

B2 Adjectives

Grammar Point (English) Pattern Examples
Adjectival complement "de budeliao" Adj. + 得不得了 爸爸 气 得 不得了,你 要 倒霉 啦。
Adjectival complement "de hen" Adj. + 得 很 这个 题目 简单 得 很
Expressing "a bit too" Adj. + 了 + (一) 点儿 那个 地方 离 我家 了 点儿
Saying "a lot" with "youdeshi" Subj. + 有的是 + Noun 川菜 上海 有的是



Sources and further reading

Books

Websites