Difference between revisions of "Defining upper and lower limits"

 
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To specify "more than" or "less than" a certain amount, or "within" a certain amount, you're going to want to use some of these common words: 以上 (yǐshàng), 以下 (yǐxià), 以内 (yǐnèi), and 以外 (yǐwài). All are "nouns of locality," or 方位词 in Chinese.
[[Category:**URGENT**]]
 
  
 
== 以上 and 以下 ==
 
== 以上 and 以下 ==
  
以上:方位词,有两个意思。1)表示位置、次序、数目等在某一点之上。2)指代前面的话,偏书面语。
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以上 and 以下 mean "more than"/"above" and "less than"/"below," respectively. Generally they are non-inclusive, meaning that when you say 十岁以下 you mean "less than ten years of age," up to ten, but not including ten years old. In actual usage, however, this fine point may sometimes be fudged a little.
 
 
以下:方位词,有两个意思。1)表示位置、次序、数目等在某一点之下。2)指代下面的话,偏书面语。
 
  
 
=== Structure ===
 
=== Structure ===
  
 
<div class="jiegou">
 
<div class="jiegou">
位置 / 次序 / 数目 + 以上 / 以下   
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Amount / Level + 以上 / 以下   
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
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<div class="liju">
 
<div class="liju">
 
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*十 岁 <em>以下</em> 的 孩子 不用 买 票 。<span class="pinyin">Shí suì <em>yǐxià</em> de háizi bùyòng mǎi piào.</span><span class="trans">Children under the age of 10 do not need to buy tickets.</span>
*我 老家 空气 还 不错,PM2.5 一般 在 五十 <em>以下</em> 。<span class="pinyin">Wǒ lǎojiā kōngqì hái bùcuò, PM2.5 yībān zài wǔshí <em>yǐxià</em>.</span><span class="trans"> .</span>
 
 
*我们 需要 有 两 年 <em>以上</em> 工作 经验 的 人 。<span class="pinyin">Wǒmen xūyào yǒu liǎng nián <em>yǐshàng</em> gōngzuò jīngyàn de rén.</span><span class="trans">We need people with two years of working experience or more.</span>
 
*我们 需要 有 两 年 <em>以上</em> 工作 经验 的 人 。<span class="pinyin">Wǒmen xūyào yǒu liǎng nián <em>yǐshàng</em> gōngzuò jīngyàn de rén.</span><span class="trans">We need people with two years of working experience or more.</span>
*十 岁 <em>以下</em> 的 孩子 不用 买 票 。<span class="pinyin">Shí suì <em>yǐxià</em> de háizi bùyòng mǎi piào.</span><span class="trans">Children 10 years old or younger do not need to buy tickets.</span>
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*我 老家 空气 还 不错,PM2.5 一般 在 五十 <em>以下</em> 。<span class="pinyin">Wǒ lǎojiā kōngqì hái bùcuò, PM èr diǎn wǔ yībān zài wǔshí <em>yǐxià</em>.</span><span class="trans">The air in my hometown is good. The PM 2.5 level is generally under 50.</span>
*我们 出差 住 三 星级 <em>以上</em> 的 酒店。<span class="pinyin">Wǒmen chūchāi dōu zhù sān xīngjí <em>yǐshàng</em> de jiǔdiàn.</span><span class="trans">When we go on business trips, we stay at hotels with at least a 3-star rating.</span>
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*这里 的 冬天 气温 在 零度 <em>以下</em> <span class="pinyin">Zhèlǐ de dōngtiān qìwēn dōu zài língdù <em>yǐxià</em>.</span><span class="trans">The winter temperatures here go below zero.</span>
*这里 的 冬天 气温 在 零度 <em>以下</em> <span class="pinyin">Zhèlǐ de dōngtiān qìwēn dōu zài língdù <em>yǐxià</em>.</span><span class="trans">This winter, the temperature has been at 0 degrees or lower.</span>
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*我们 出差 住 三 星级 <em>以上</em> 的 酒店。<span class="expl pdf-long-expl">This could possibly be inclusive of 3-star hotels. Real-world usage is sometimes imprecise!</span><span class="pinyin">Wǒmen chūchāi dōu zhù sān xīngjí <em>yǐshàng</em> de jiǔdiàn.</span><span class="trans">When we go on business trips, we stay at hotels with above a 3-star rating.</span>
*<em>以下</em> 就 谈谈 这个 问题 应该 怎么 解决。<span class="pinyin"><em>Yǐxià</em> jiù tántán zhège wèntí yīnggāi zěnme jiějué.</span><span class="trans">In the following conversation, we will discuss how we should resolve this problem.</span>
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*<em>以下</em> 就 谈谈 这个 问题 应该 怎么 解决。<span class="expl">This could be written or spoken.</span><span class="pinyin"><em>Yǐxià</em> jiù tántán zhège wèntí yīnggāi zěnme jiějué.</span><span class="trans">Following, we will discuss how we should resolve this problem.</span>
*<em>以上</em> 只 是 我 个人 的 看法 。<span class="pinyin"><em>Yǐshàng</em> zhī shì wǒ gèrén de kànfǎ.</span><span class="trans">The following is just my personal opinion.</span>
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*<em>以上</em> 只 是 我 个人 的 看法 。<span class="expl">This could be written or spoken.</span><span class="pinyin"><em>Yǐshàng</em> zhī shì wǒ gèrén de kànfǎ.</span><span class="trans">The above is just my personal opinion.</span>
  
 
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== 以内 and 以外 ==
 
== 以内 and 以外 ==
  
以内:方位词。在一定的时间、处所、数量、范围的界限之内。
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Literally, 以内 and 以外 mean "within" and "outside." This spatial meaning can be extended to all kinds of abstracted meanings, as you will see below. Note that 以外 often combines with [[除了]].
以外:方位词。在一定的时间、处所、数量、范围的界限之外。
 
  
 
=== Structure ===
 
=== Structure ===
  
 
<div class="jiegou">
 
<div class="jiegou">
时间 / 处所 / 数量 / 范围 + 以内 / 以外   
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[Amount / Time / Place / Scope] + 以内 / 以外   
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
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<div class="liju">
 
<div class="liju">
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*两 天 <em>以内</em> 必须 完成 。<span class="pinyin">Liǎng tiān <em>yǐnèi</em> bìxū wánchéng.</span><span class="trans">Must be completed within two days.</span>
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*半 小时 <em>以内</em> 能 送到 吗 ?<span class="pinyin">Bàn xiǎoshí <em>yǐnèi</em> néng sòng dào ma?</span><span class="trans">Can you deliver in 30 minutes or less?</span>
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*这个 大楼 50 米 <em>以内</em> 不 能 停车 。<span class="pinyin">Zhège dàlóu wǔshí mǐ <em>yǐnèi</em> bù néng tíng chē.</span><span class="trans">You cannot park within 50 meters of this building.</span>
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*请 你 站 在 两 米 <em>以外</em> 的 地方 。<span class="pinyin">Qǐng nǐ zhàn zài liǎng mǐ <em>yǐwài</em> de dìfang.</span><span class="trans">Please stand 2 meters or more from this place.</span>
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</div>
  
*两 天 <em>以内</em> 必须 完成 。<span class="pinyin">Liǎng tiān <em>yǐnèi</em> bìxū wánchéng.</span><span class="trans"> .</span>
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=== Books ===
*半 小时 <em>以内</em> 能 送到 吗 ?<span class="pinyin">Bàn xiǎoshí <em>yǐnèi</em> néng sòngdào ma?</span><span class="trans"> .</span>
 
*这个 大楼 50 米 <em>以内</em> 不 能 停车 。<span class="pinyin">Zhège dàlóu wǔshí mǐ <em>yǐnèi</em> bù néng tíng chē.</span><span class="trans"> .</span>
 
*请 你 站 在 两 米 <em>以外</em> 的 地方 。<span class="pinyin">Qǐng nǐ zhàn zài liǎng mǐ <em>yǐwài</em> de dìfang.</span><span class="trans"> .</span>
 
*这个 区 <em>以外</em> 的 几 个 区 都 不 太 发达 。<span class="pinyin">Zhège qū <em>yǐwài</em> de jǐ gè qū dōu bù tài fādá.</span><span class="trans"> .</span>
 
*除了 这个 <em>以外</em> ,还有 一点 也 很 重要 。<span class="pinyin">Chúle zhège <em> yǐwài</em>, háiyǒu yīdiǎn yě hěn zhòngyào.</span><span class="trans"> .</span>
 
  
</div>
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[[Category:B2 grammar points]]
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{{Basic Grammar|以上|B2|级别 / 次序 / 数目 + 以上 / 以下|十 岁 <em>以下</em> 的 孩子 不用 买 票 。|grammar point|ASG7AE5C}}
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{{Rel char|以下}}
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{{Rel char|上}}
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{{Rel char|下}}
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{{Rel char|以}}
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{{Rel char|内}}
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{{Rel char|外}}
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{{Similar|Expressing "except" and "in addition" with "chule… yiwai"}}
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{{POS|Prepositional Phrase}}
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{{Used for|Defining scope}}
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{{Translation|above}}
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{{Translation|below}}
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{{Translation|within}}
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{{Translation|beyond}}

Latest revision as of 09:21, 14 January 2021

Chinese-grammar-wiki-xia.jpg

To specify "more than" or "less than" a certain amount, or "within" a certain amount, you're going to want to use some of these common words: 以上 (yǐshàng), 以下 (yǐxià), 以内 (yǐnèi), and 以外 (yǐwài). All are "nouns of locality," or 方位词 in Chinese.

以上 and 以下

以上 and 以下 mean "more than"/"above" and "less than"/"below," respectively. Generally they are non-inclusive, meaning that when you say 十岁以下 you mean "less than ten years of age," up to ten, but not including ten years old. In actual usage, however, this fine point may sometimes be fudged a little.

Structure

Amount / Level + 以上 / 以下

Examples

  • 十 岁 以下 的 孩子 不用 买 票 。Shí suì yǐxià de háizi bùyòng mǎi piào.Children under the age of 10 do not need to buy tickets.
  • 我们 需要 有 两 年 以上 工作 经验 的 人 。Wǒmen xūyào yǒu liǎng nián yǐshàng gōngzuò jīngyàn de rén.We need people with two years of working experience or more.
  • 我 老家 空气 还 不错,PM2.5 一般 在 五十 以下Wǒ lǎojiā kōngqì hái bùcuò, PM èr diǎn wǔ yībān zài wǔshí yǐxià.The air in my hometown is good. The PM 2.5 level is generally under 50.
  • 这里 的 冬天 气温 都 在 零度 以下Zhèlǐ de dōngtiān qìwēn dōu zài língdù yǐxià.The winter temperatures here go below zero.
  • 我们 出差 都 住 三 星级 以上 的 酒店。This could possibly be inclusive of 3-star hotels. Real-world usage is sometimes imprecise!Wǒmen chūchāi dōu zhù sān xīngjí yǐshàng de jiǔdiàn.When we go on business trips, we stay at hotels with above a 3-star rating.
  • 以下 就 谈谈 这个 问题 应该 怎么 解决。This could be written or spoken.Yǐxià jiù tántán zhège wèntí yīnggāi zěnme jiějué.Following, we will discuss how we should resolve this problem.
  • 以上 只 是 我 个人 的 看法 。This could be written or spoken.Yǐshàng zhī shì wǒ gèrén de kànfǎ.The above is just my personal opinion.

以内 and 以外

Literally, 以内 and 以外 mean "within" and "outside." This spatial meaning can be extended to all kinds of abstracted meanings, as you will see below. Note that 以外 often combines with 除了.

Structure

[Amount / Time / Place / Scope] + 以内 / 以外

Examples

  • 两 天 以内 必须 完成 。Liǎng tiān yǐnèi bìxū wánchéng.Must be completed within two days.
  • 半 小时 以内 能 送到 吗 ?Bàn xiǎoshí yǐnèi néng sòng dào ma?Can you deliver in 30 minutes or less?
  • 这个 大楼 50 米 以内 不 能 停车 。Zhège dàlóu wǔshí mǐ yǐnèi bù néng tíng chē.You cannot park within 50 meters of this building.
  • 请 你 站 在 两 米 以外 的 地方 。Qǐng nǐ zhàn zài liǎng mǐ yǐwài de dìfang.Please stand 2 meters or more from this place.

Books

HSK5