View source for Reference:40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课上册）


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== Grammar Points by Chapter ==

# Lesson One
# Lesson Two
# Lesson Three
# Lesson Four
# Lesson Five
# Lesson Six
#*汉语的词序 [[Word order|Word order in Chinese]]
#*“是”字句和“有”字句 The [[Connecting nouns with "shi"|是 -sentence]] and [[Expressing existence with "you"|the 有 -sentence]]
# Lesson Seven
#*动词“有” [[Expressing existence with "you"|The verb 有]]
#*动词“在” [[Expressing existence in a place|The verb 在]]
#*“也”和“还” [[The also adverb|也]] and [[Expressing "and also" with "hai"|还]]
#*方位词 [[Location nouns|Nouns of locality]]
# Lesson Eight
#*形容词谓语句 [[Simple "noun + adjective" sentences|Sentences with adjectival predicate]]
#*“几”和“多少” [[Measure words in quantity questions|几]] and 多少
#*“多”表示概率 [[Indicating a number in excess|"多" indicates approximate numbers]]
# Lesson Nine
#*动词谓语句 Sentence with a verbal predicate
#*名词谓语句 Sentence with a nominal predicate
#*用“呢”的疑问句 [[Questions with "ne"|The interrogative sentence ending with 呢]]
#*时间状语一般在主语后面，修饰谓语；有时为了强调时间，也可以把它放在主语前面，修饰全句；不可放在句尾；在用“几点”提问时一般不能放在主语前面。 [[Time words and word order|The adverbial of time]] modifying the predicate generally follows the subject. Sometimes in order to emphasize the time, it can be put before the subject to modify the whole sentence.
# Lesson Ten
#*介词结构 [[Word order#Placement of place words in a sentence|The prepositional phrase]]
#*“时点”和“时段” [[Word order#Placement of time words in a sentence|Point of time and duration of time]]
#*时量补语 [[Expressing duration|The complement of duration]]
#*“洗澡、睡觉、游泳、跑步、散步、考试、起床”等所谓离合词，实际上具有动词的性质，通常为动宾或动补结构，常作谓语，在本书中都不标注词性。 Words like 洗澡、睡觉、游泳、跑步、散步、考试、起床 and so on, which have a [[Separable verb|verb-complement structure]], are often used as a predicate like a verb. Their syntactical functions will not be mentioned in this text.
# Lesson Eleven
#*选择疑问句 [[Offering choices with "haishi"|The alternative question]]
#*连动句 [[Actions in a row|The sentence with verbal constructions in series]]
#*双宾语句 [[Verbs that take double objects|Biobjective sentences]]
#*动词或动词词组作状语，定语与中心语之间要用“的”
# Lesson Twelve
#*助动词 [[Auxiliary verbs]]
#*状态补语 [[State complement|The complement of state]]
#*程度补语 [[Degree complement|The complement of degree]]
#*主谓结构作定语，定语和中心语之间一定要用“的” When subject-predicate phrases are [[Modifying nouns with phrase + "de"|used as an attributive]], 的 must be used after the attributive.
#*主谓谓语句 The sentence with an S-P phrase as the predicate.
# Lesson Thirteen
#*助词“了” [[Expressing completion with "le"|The particle 了]]
#*“在+动词”或者句尾加语气助词“呢”表示动作正在进行，“在”和“呢”可以同时使用。"在 + verb" or "呢" indicates an [[Expressing actions in progress (full form)|action is in progress.]]
#*副词“不”和“没（有）”区别 [[Comparing "bu" and "mei"|The differences between the adverb 不 and 没（有）]]
# Lesson Fourteen
#*副词“就” [[Events in quick succession with "yi... jiu"|The adverb 就]]
#*“动词+了+时量”表示动作从开始到完成持续多长时间 [[Expressing duration with "le"|"Verb + 了 +duration"]] indicates the length of time when an action has lasted from the beginning to the end.
# Lesson Fifteen
#*助词“过” [[Expressing experiences with "guo"|The particle 过]]
#*动量补语 [[Verb measure words|The complement of frequency]]
#*结构助词“的、地、得” [[Structural particle "de"|The structural particles 的，地，得]]
#*兼语句 Pivotal Sentences
#*固定格式“一…就…”表示两件事紧接着发生 [[Events in quick succession with "yi... jiu"|一…就… indicates two events ]]happening in succession.
# Lesson Sixteen
#*如果要强调已发生动作的时间、地点、方式等，就用“是…的”，“是”在要强调的部分之前，“的”在句尾；否定式是“不是…的”。 [["Shi... de" construction|是…的 is used to emphasize the time, place or manner of a completed action]]. 是 is put before the word to be emphasized and 的 at the end of the sentence.
#*“到”用在动词谓语之后作结果补语，表示人或事物通过动作到达某处、有了结果，或说明动作持续的时间。 [[Result complements "dao" and "jian"|As a complement of result]], 到 indicates that a person or an object reaches a certain place, achieves a goal or an action continues until a certain time.
#*动量补语“一下”除了有时表示具体的动量外，常用来表示动作经历的时间短或表示轻松随便。 As a complement of frequency, 一下 means the number of times an action has taken place. Alternatively, it can indicate an action lasting [[Verbing briefly|only for a short time.]]
# Lesson Seventeen
#*结果补语 [[Result complement|The complement of result]]
#*比较的方法 [[Comparing|Ways of comparison]]
# Lesson Eighteen
#*动词“来”和“去”用在动词后作补语，表示趋向。如果动作是向着说话人（或事物）进行的就用“来”；如果是朝着相反的方向进行，就用“去”。 来 and 去 are used after a verb as a complement [[Direction complement|indicating the direction]]. If an action proceeds towards the speaker, 来 is used. On the other hand, if an action is away from the speaker, 去 is used.
#*副词“就”用在动词前，表示事情发生得早、快，或进行得顺利。 [[Expressing earliness with "jiu"|The adverb 就]] is used before verb indicating an event took place early, quickly, or smoothly. 副词“就”用在动词前，表示事情发生得晚,慢,或进行得不顺利 [[Expressing lateness with "cai"|The adverb "才"]] is used before a verb indicating an event took place too late, slowly or occurred with difficulty.
#*助词“了”用在句尾，也可以表示情况的变化 了 is used at the end of a sentence [[Change of state with "le"|indicating a change of situation.]]
# Lesson Nineteen
#*助词“着” [[Aspect particle "zhe"|The particle 着]]
#*简单趋向补语与宾语 The simple [[Direction complement|complement of direction]] and the object
# Lesson Twenty
#*“除了…以外”表示加合关系，后面常有副词“还、也”或“又”等；“除了…以外”表示排除关系，后面常有副词“都”。 When [["Except" and "in addition" with "chule… yiwai"#Expressing "in addition"|除了…以外 means " in addition to"]], it is often used together with 还，也 or 又. When [["Except" and "in addition" with "chule… yiwai"#Expressing "except"|除了…以外 means "except"]], it is often used together with 都。
#*“要…了”表示一个动作或情况很快就要发生，“要”前可以加上“就”或“快”，表示时间紧迫。“就要…了”，“快要…了”也可以省略为“就…了”，“快…了”。 要…了 indicates that an event [[About to happen with "kuai... le"|is about to take place]]. 要 may be preceded by 就 or 快. 就要…了 and 快要…了 may be simplified as 就…了 and 快…了.
#*一部分形容词可以重叠，表示性质的程度加深。双音节形容词重叠的方式是“AABB”，作状语时一般要加“地”。 Some [[Reduplication of adjectives|adjectives can be duplicated]] to indicate a high degree. A duplicated form of the disyllabic adjective is AABB. When it is used as an adverbial, 地 is often used after it.

[[Category:Grammar Index]]