View source for Reference:Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar

<span class="plainlinks">[http://amzn.to/2yOtlXc <img border="0" class="alignright" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/415JP0BG7QL._SL500_AA300_.jpg" >]</span>
[http://amzn.to/2yOtlXc Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar] by Charles N. Li, Sandra A. Thompson

<blockquote>This reference grammar provides, for the first time, a description of the grammar of Mandarin Chinese, the official spoken language of China and Taiwan, in functional terms, focusing on the role and meanings of word-level and sentence-level structures in actual conversations.</blockquote>

== Grammar Points by Chapter ==

# Introduction
#* 1.1 The Chinese Language Family
#* 1.2 The Phonology of Mandarin
#** 1.2.1 Initials
#** 1.2.2 Finals
#** 1.2.3 Tones
#** 1.2.4 Phonetic Effects of the Retroflex Suffix
# Typological Description
#* 2.1 The Structural Complexity of Words: Mandarin as an Isolating Language
#** 2.1.1 Morphemes Occurring with Nouns
#** 2.1.2 Morphemes Occurring with Verbs
#* 2.2 Monosyllabic Ability: The Number of Syllables in a word
#* 2.3 Topic Prominence
#* 2.4 Word Order
#** 2.4.1 The Word Order Typology
#** 2.4.2 Word Order in Mandarin
# Word Structure 
#* 3.1 Morphological Processes
#** 3.1.1 Reduplication
#** 3.1.2 Affixation
#* 3.2 Compounds
#** 3.2.1 The Meaning of Compounds
#** 3.2.2 Nominal Compounds
#** 3.2.3 Verbal Compounds
#** 3.2.4 Subject-Predicate Compounds
#** 3.2.5 Verb-Object Compounds
#** 3.2.6 Antonymous Adjectives Forming Nominal Compounds
#** 3.2.7 Minor Types of Compounds
# Simple Declarative Sentences
#* 4.1 Topic and Subject
#** 4.1.1 Characterization of Topic
#** 4.1.2 Characterization of Subject
#** 4.1.3 Comparison of Topic and Subject
#** 4.1.4 Double-Subject Sentences
#** 4.1.5 Comparison with Chao's Analysis
#** 4.1.6 Time and Locative Phrases
#** 4.1.7 Further Examples
#** 4.1.8 Topic as a Discourse Element
#** 4.1.9 Topic and Coreference in Discourse
#* 4.2 The Noun Phrase
#** 4.2.1 Classifier Phrases/Measure Phrases
#** 4.2.2 Associative Phrases
#** 4.2.3 Modifying Phrases 
#** 4.2.4 The Order of Elements in a Noun Phrase
#** 4.2.5 Definiteness and Referentiality
#** 4.2.6 Pronouns
#** 4.2.7 Reflexives
#* 4.3 The Verb Phrase
#** 4.3.1 Types of Verb Phrase
# Auxiliary Verbs
#* 5.1 Auxiliary Verb versus Verb
#* 5.2 Auxiliary Verb versus Adverb
#* 5.3 List of Auxiliary Verbs
# Aspect
#* 6.1 The Perfective Aspect
#** 6.1.1 Where to Use -le: A Bounded Event
#** 6.1.2 Where Not to Use -le 
#** 6.1.3 -le in Imperatives
#** 6.1.4 -le Does Not Mean Past Tense
#** 6.1.5 -le Does Not Mean Completion
#* 6.2 The Durative Aspect
#** 6.2.1 Semantic Types of Verbs and the Durative Aspect Markers -zhe and zai
#** 6.2.2 Complex Sentences with the Durative Aspect Marker -zhe
#* 6.3 The Experimental Aspect 
#* 6.4 The Delimitative Aspect
#* 6.5 Summary
# Sentence=Final Particles 
#* 7.1 le
#** 7.1.1 The Communicative Function of le
#** 7.1.2 Where Not to Use le
#** 7.1.3 Perfective -le  versus CRS le
#* 7.2 ne
#* 7.3 ba
#* 7.4 ou
#* 7.5 a/ya
#* 7.6 Conclusion
# Adverbs
#* 8.1 Movable Adverbs
#** 8.1.1 Movable Adverbs of Time
#** 8.1.2 Movable Adverbs of Attitude 
#* 8.2 Nonmovable Adverbs
#** 8.2.1 Manner Adverbs
#** 8.2.2 Nonmatter Adverb
#* 8.3 Negation and Movable Adverbs
#** 8.3.1 Negation and Movable Adverbs
#** 8.3.2 Negation and Nonmovable Adverbs
#* 8.4 Adverbs and ba Contstruction
#* 8.5 Quantity Adverbial Phrases
# Coverbs/Prepositions
#* 9.1 The Function of Coverbs
#** 9.1.1 Occurrance with Aspect Markers
#** 9.1.2 Coverbs That Can Function as Verbs
#* 9.2 Representative List of Coverbs
# Indirect Objects and Benefactives
#* 10.1 gei Obligatory
#* 10.2 gei Optional
#* 10.3 gei Forbidden
#* 10.4 Apparent Indirect Objects
#* 10.5 Explanation for the Indirect Object Facts
#* 10.6 Benefactive Noun Phrases, and Preverbal Indirect Object
#* 10.7 Other Functions of gei
# Locative and Directional Phrases
#* 11.1 Locative Phrases
#** 11.1.1 The Structure of Locative Phrases
#** 11.1.2 The Position of the Locative Phrase in the Sentence
#* 11.2 Directional Phrases with dao 'to'
# Negation
#* 12.1 The Position and Scope of the Negative Particles
#* 12.2 The Functions of bu and mei(you)
#** 12.2.1 Variation in the Meaning of Sentences with bu
#** 12.2.2 Types of Verb Phrase
#** 12.2.3 Resultative Verb Compounds
#* 12.3 mei(you) Is Not a Past Tense Negative Particle
#* 12.4 Negation and Aspect
#* 12.5 Negating Some Element other than a Simple Verb Phrase
#* 12.6 Summary
# Verb Copying
#* 13.1 Where Verb Copying Occurs
#* 13.2 Grammatical Properties of the Verb-Copying Construction
# 14 The Imperative
# 15 The ba Construction
#* 15.1 The ba Noun Phrase
#* 15.2 Disposal
#* 15.3 ba Sentences without a Subject
#* 15.4 ba...gei
#* 15.5 When to Use the ba Construction
# The bei Construction
#* 16.1 Use and Function
#** 16.1.1 Adversity
#** 16.1.2 Disposal
#* 16.2 Structural Properties
#** 16.2.1 Indirect Object Adversely Affected
#** 16.2.2 The bei Noun Phrase Can be Inanimate
#* 16.3 bu and bei
#* 16.4 Variant Forms
# Presentative Sentences
#* 17.1 Existential and Positional Verbs
#* 17.2 Verbs of Motion
# Questions
#* 18.1 The Four Types of Questions
#* 18.2 Question-Words Questions
#** 18.2.1 Question-Words in Questions
#** 18.2.2 Question-Words as Indefinite Pronouns
#* 18.3 Disjunctive Questions
#** 18.3.1 Questions with Constituents Connected by haishi
#** 18.3.2 A-not-A Questions
#* 18.4 Tag Questions 
#* 18.5 Particle Questions
#* 18.6 Differences between A-Not-A Questions and Particle Questions
#* 18.7 Questions Serving as Subjects or direct Objects of a Verb
#* 18.8 Answers to Questions
# Comparisons
#* 19.1 Comparative Constructions
#** 19.1.1 Dimension
#** 19.1.2 Subject/Topic and the Standard of Comparison
#* 19.2 Superlatives
# Nominalization
#* 20.1 A Nominalization Functioning as a Noun Phrase
#* 20.2 Nominalization Modifying a Head Noun
#** 20.2.1 Relative Clause Construction
#** 20.2.2 A Nominalization Serving as the Complement to an Abstract Head Noun
#* 20.3 The shi...de Construction
# Serial Verb Construction
#* 21.1 Two or More Separate Events
#* 21.2 One Verb Phrase/Clause is the Subject or Direct Object of Another
#** 21.2.1 The Second Verb Phrase/Clause is the Direct Object of the First Verb
#** 21.2.2 The First Verb Phrase/Clause Is the Subject of the Second Verb
#** 21.2.3 The Clause That Is a Subject or Direct Object is a Question
#* 21.3 Pivotal Constructions 
#* 21.4 Descriptive Clauses 
#** 21.4.1 Realis Descriptive Clauses
#** 21.4.2 Irrealis Descriptive Clauses 
#* 21.5 Summary
# The Complex Stative Construction
#* 22.1 Inferred Meanings
#** 22.1.1 Manner Inferred
#** 22.1.2 Extent Inferred
#** 21.1.3 Either Manner or Extent Inferred
#* 22.2 General Structural Properties
# Sentence Linking
#* 23.1 Forward Linking
#** 23.1.1 Forward Linking with a Linking Element
#** 23.1.2 Forward Linking without a Linking Element
#** 23.1.3 The Semantics of Conditionals
#* 23.2 Backward Linking
#** 23.2.1 Adverbial Backward Linking Elements in Clause-Initial Position
#** 23.2.2 Nonmovable Adverbs as Backward-Linking Elements
# Pronouns in Discourse
#* 24.1 Zero Pronouns
#* 24.2 Pronouns
#* 24.3 Syntactic Constraints on Zero Pronouns

== Grammar Point References to This Book ==

{{Print Source|Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar}}

[[Category:Grammar Index]]
__FORCETOC__