Reference:A Practical Chinese Grammar For Foreigners (外国人实用汉语语法)

Chapter Two Parts of Speech…………………….............................................11

• Words
• Classification of words
• Conversion of parts of speech
• Section I Nouns
• Section II Verbs
• Section III Auxiliary verbs
• Section IV Adjectives
• Section V Numerals
• Section VI Measure words
• Section VII Pronouns
• Section VIII Adverbs
• Section IX Prepositions
• Section X Conjunctions
• Section XI Particles
• Section XII Interjections
• Section XIII Onomatopes
• Table 1: Relationships Between the Parts of Speech

and the Elements of a Sentence

Chapter Three Phrases........................................................................................155

• Phrases
• Classification of phrases
• The basis for classifying phrases
• Section I The coordinative phrase
• Section II The Subject – Predicate phrase
• Section III The Verb – Object phrase
• Section IV The endocentric phrase
• Section V The Numeral – Measure word phrase
• Section VI The complementary phrase
• Section VII The phrase of locality
• Section VIII The appositive phrase
• Section IX The set phrase
• Section X The prepositional phrase
• Section XI The 的- phrase
• Table 2: Phrases and Their Functions

Chapter Four Sentence elements.......................................................................228

• Section I The subject
• Section II The predicate
• Section III The object
• Section IV The attributive
• Section V Adverbial adjuncts
• Section VI Complements
• Table 3: Relationship of Different Parts of Speech and

Phrases with Complements of Different Kinds ...

Chapter Five The Simple Sentence....................................................................330

• Definition..................................................................................................................330
• The basic structure of the simple sentence..........................................................330
• Functions of the simple sentence..........................................................................333
• The classification of sentences.............................................................................333

Part One Classification of sentences in terms of structure......................334

• Section I Sentences with verbal predicates..................................................334
• Section II Sentences with adjectival predicates...........................................339
• Section III Sentences with nominal predicates..............................................342
• Section IV The sentence with an S-P phrase as the predicate.....................346
• Table 4: The Four Types of Subject-Predicate Sentence..........................352
• Section V The subjectless sentence...............................................................354
• Section VI The one-word/phrase sentence.....................................................357
• Section VII The elliptical sentence.....................................................................361
• Table 5: The Three Kinds of Non S-P Sentence.........................................363

Part Two Classification of sentences in terms of function........................365

• Section VIII The declarative sentence................................................................365
• Section IX The interrogative sentence.............................................................368
• Table 6: The Five Types of Questions..........................................................395
• Section X The imperative sentence.................................................................396
• Section XI The exclamatory sentence..............................................................399
• Table 7: The Four Kind of Sentence Classified in Terms of Function.......402

Chapter Six Aspects of an Action........................................................................403

• Definition...................................................................................................................403
• Common ways to indicate the aspect of an action...............................................404
• Section I The progressive aspect of an action..............................................405
• Section II The continuous aspect of an action................................................414
• Section III The perfect aspect of an action.......................................................423
• Section IV The changing aspect of an action...................................................431
• Section V Actions as past experience.............................................................435
• Table 8: The Five Aspects of an Action..................................................................441

Chapter Seven Sentences with Special Verbal Predicates..............................445

• Section I The 是-sentence................................................................................446
• Section II The 有-sentence................................................................................455
• Section III The 把-sentence................................................................................461
• Section IV The 被-sentence................................................................................470
• Section V Sentences with verbal constructions in series...............................477
• Section VI Pivotal sentences..............................................................................485
• Section VII Existential sentences........................................................................496
• Table 9: Sentences with Special Verb Predicates...............................................505

Chapter Eight Ways of Expressing Comparison.................................................510

• Section I Using 比 to express comparison....................................................511
• Section II Using 跟 to express comparison....................................................525
• Section III Using 有 to express comparison....................................................531
• Section IV Using 像 to express comparison....................................................537
• Section V Using 不如 to express comparison................................................543
• Section VI Using 越来越 to express comparison............................................547
• Table 10: Six Ways of Expressing Comparison............................................551

Chapter Nine Ways of Expressing Emphasis.....................................................557

• Section I Using interrogative pronouns to express emphasis....................558
• Section II Using 连….都（也）to express emphasis...................................562
• Section III Using the adverb 是 to express emphasis...................................566
• Section IV Using the adverb 就 to express emphasis...................................570
• Section V Using double negation to express emphasis...............................572
• Section VI Using 是….的 to express emphasis..............................................577
• Table 11: Six Ways to Express Emphasis.....................................................580

Chapter Ten Complex Sentences......................................................................583

• Definition..................................................................................................................583
• Grammatical features..............................................................................................583
• Types of complex sentences..................................................................................586
• Section I Coordinate complex sentences.....................................................588
• Section II Coordinate complex sentences and correlatives.........................595
• Section III Subordinate complex sentences....................................................608
• Section IV Subordinate complex sentences and correlatives.......................617
• Section V The contracted sentence................................................................638