Difference between revisions of "Reference:A Practical Chinese Grammar For Foreigners (外国人实用汉语语法)"
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==Chapter Two Parts of Speech…………………….............................................11== | ==Chapter Two Parts of Speech…………………….............................................11== | ||
| − | Words......................................................................................................................11 | + | *Words......................................................................................................................11 |
| − | Classification of words..........................................................................................12 | + | *Classification of words..........................................................................................12 |
| − | Conversion of parts of speech..............................................................................12 | + | *Conversion of parts of speech..............................................................................12 |
| − | Section I Nouns...............................................................................................16 | + | *Section I Nouns...............................................................................................16 |
| − | Section II Verbs...............................................................................................26 | + | *Section II Verbs...............................................................................................26 |
| − | Section III Auxiliary verbs.................................................................................41 | + | *Section III Auxiliary verbs.................................................................................41 |
| − | Section IV Adjectives........................................................................................48 | + | *Section IV Adjectives........................................................................................48 |
| − | Section V Numerals..........................................................................................58 | + | *Section V Numerals..........................................................................................58 |
| − | Section VI Measure words................................................................................73 | + | *Section VI Measure words................................................................................73 |
| − | Section VII Pronouns..........................................................................................95 | + | *Section VII Pronouns..........................................................................................95 |
| − | Section VIII Adverbs...........................................................................................105 | + | *Section VIII Adverbs...........................................................................................105 |
| − | Section IX Prepositions....................................................................................116 | + | *Section IX Prepositions....................................................................................116 |
| − | Section X Conjunctions....................................................................................123 | + | *Section X Conjunctions....................................................................................123 |
| − | Section XI Particles ..........................................................................................131 | + | *Section XI Particles ..........................................................................................131 |
| − | Section XII Interjections.....................................................................................146 | + | *Section XII Interjections.....................................................................................146 |
| − | Section XIII Onomatopes...................................................................................150 | + | *Section XIII Onomatopes...................................................................................150 |
| − | Table 1: Relationships Between the Parts of Speech | + | *Table 1: Relationships Between the Parts of Speech |
and the Elements of a Sentence..........................................................................154 | and the Elements of a Sentence..........................................................................154 | ||
| − | ==Chapter Three Phrases | + | ==Chapter Three Phrases........................................................................................155== |
| − | Phrases....................................................................................................................155 | + | *Phrases....................................................................................................................155 |
| − | Classification of phrases........................................................................................155 | + | *Classification of phrases........................................................................................155 |
| − | The basis for classifying phrases..........................................................................156 | + | *The basis for classifying phrases..........................................................................156 |
| − | Section I The coordinative phrase.................................................................157 | + | *Section I The coordinative phrase.................................................................157 |
| − | Section II The Subject – Predicate phrase....................................................165 | + | *Section II The Subject – Predicate phrase....................................................165 |
| − | Section III The Verb – Object phrase..............................................................170 | + | *Section III The Verb – Object phrase..............................................................170 |
| − | Section IV The endocentric phrase..................................................................174 | + | *Section IV The endocentric phrase..................................................................174 |
| − | Section V The Numeral – Measure word phrase..........................................181 | + | *Section V The Numeral – Measure word phrase..........................................181 |
| − | Section VI The complementary phrase...........................................................190 | + | *Section VI The complementary phrase...........................................................190 |
| − | Section VII The phrase of locality......................................................................197 | + | *Section VII The phrase of locality......................................................................197 |
| − | Section VIII The appositive phrase....................................................................205 | + | *Section VIII The appositive phrase....................................................................205 |
| − | Section IX The set phrase.................................................................................208 | + | *Section IX The set phrase.................................................................................208 |
| − | Section X The prepositional phrase................................................................213 | + | *Section X The prepositional phrase................................................................213 |
| − | Section XI The 的- phrase.................................................................................222 | + | *Section XI The 的- phrase.................................................................................222 |
| − | Table 2: Phrases and Their Functions..................................................................226 | + | *Table 2: Phrases and Their Functions..................................................................226 |
| − | ==Chapter Four Sentence elements | + | ==Chapter Four Sentence elements.......................................................................228== |
| − | Section I The subject.......................................................................................229 | + | *Section I The subject.......................................................................................229 |
| − | Section II The predicate...................................................................................235 | + | *Section II The predicate...................................................................................235 |
| − | Section III The object.........................................................................................243 | + | *Section III The object.........................................................................................243 |
| − | Section IV The attributive...................................................................................253 | + | *Section IV The attributive...................................................................................253 |
| − | Section V Adverbial adjuncts...........................................................................261 | + | *Section V Adverbial adjuncts...........................................................................261 |
| − | Section VI Complements..................................................................................271 | + | *Section VI Complements..................................................................................271 |
| − | Table 3: Relationship of Different Parts of Speech and | + | *Table 3: Relationship of Different Parts of Speech and |
Phrases with Complements of Different Kinds....................................................328 | Phrases with Complements of Different Kinds....................................................328 | ||
... | ... | ||
| − | ==Chapter Five The Simple Sentence | + | ==Chapter Five The Simple Sentence....................................................................330== |
| − | Definition..................................................................................................................330 | + | *Definition..................................................................................................................330 |
| − | The basic structure of the simple sentence..........................................................330 | + | *The basic structure of the simple sentence..........................................................330 |
| − | Functions of the simple sentence..........................................................................333 | + | *Functions of the simple sentence..........................................................................333 |
| − | The classification of sentences.............................................................................333 | + | *The classification of sentences.............................................................................333 |
| − | Part One Classification of sentences in terms of structure................................334 | + | ===Part One Classification of sentences in terms of structure................................334=== |
| − | Section I Sentences with verbal predicates..................................................334 | + | *Section I Sentences with verbal predicates..................................................334 |
| − | Section II Sentences with adjectival predicates...........................................339 | + | *Section II Sentences with adjectival predicates...........................................339 |
| − | Section III Sentences with nominal predicates..............................................342 | + | *Section III Sentences with nominal predicates..............................................342 |
| − | Section IV The sentence with an S-P phrase as the predicate.....................346 | + | *Section IV The sentence with an S-P phrase as the predicate.....................346 |
| − | Table 4: The Four Types of Subject-Predicate Sentence..........................352 | + | *Table 4: The Four Types of Subject-Predicate Sentence..........................352 |
| − | Section V The subjectless sentence...............................................................354 | + | *Section V The subjectless sentence...............................................................354 |
| − | Section VI The one-word/phrase sentence.....................................................357 | + | *Section VI The one-word/phrase sentence.....................................................357 |
| − | Section VII The elliptical sentence.....................................................................361 | + | *Section VII The elliptical sentence.....................................................................361 |
| − | Table 5: The Three Kinds of Non S-P Sentence.........................................363 | + | *Table 5: The Three Kinds of Non S-P Sentence.........................................363 |
| − | Part Two Classification of sentences in terms of function............................365 | + | ===Part Two Classification of sentences in terms of function............................365=== |
| − | Section VIII The declarative sentence................................................................365 | + | *Section VIII The declarative sentence................................................................365 |
| − | Section IX The interrogative sentence.............................................................368 | + | *Section IX The interrogative sentence.............................................................368 |
| − | Table 6: The Five Types of Questions..........................................................395 | + | *Table 6: The Five Types of Questions..........................................................395 |
| − | Section X The imperative sentence.................................................................396 | + | *Section X The imperative sentence.................................................................396 |
| − | Section XI The exclamatory sentence..............................................................399 | + | *Section XI The exclamatory sentence..............................................................399 |
| − | Table 7: The Four Kind of Sentence Classified in Terms of Function.......402 | + | *Table 7: The Four Kind of Sentence Classified in Terms of Function.......402 |
==Chapter Six Aspects of an Action........................................................................403== | ==Chapter Six Aspects of an Action........................................................................403== | ||
| − | Definition...................................................................................................................403 | + | *Definition...................................................................................................................403 |
| − | Common ways to indicate the aspect of an action...............................................404 | + | *Common ways to indicate the aspect of an action...............................................404 |
| − | Section I The progressive aspect of an action..............................................405 | + | *Section I The progressive aspect of an action..............................................405 |
| − | Section II The continuous aspect of an action................................................414 | + | *Section II The continuous aspect of an action................................................414 |
| − | Section III The perfect aspect of an action.......................................................423 | + | *Section III The perfect aspect of an action.......................................................423 |
| − | Section IV The changing aspect of an action...................................................431 | + | *Section IV The changing aspect of an action...................................................431 |
| − | Section V Actions as past experience.............................................................435 | + | *Section V Actions as past experience.............................................................435 |
| − | Table 8: The Five Aspects of an Action..................................................................441 | + | *Table 8: The Five Aspects of an Action..................................................................441 |
| − | ==Chapter Seven Sentences with Special Verbal Predicates............................445== | + | ==Chapter Seven Sentences with Special Verbal Predicates..............................445== |
| − | Section I The 是-sentence................................................................................446 | + | *Section I The 是-sentence................................................................................446 |
| − | Section II The 有-sentence................................................................................455 | + | *Section II The 有-sentence................................................................................455 |
| − | Section III The 把-sentence................................................................................461 | + | *Section III The 把-sentence................................................................................461 |
| − | Section IV The 被-sentence................................................................................470 | + | *Section IV The 被-sentence................................................................................470 |
| − | Section V Sentences with verbal constructions in series...............................477 | + | *Section V Sentences with verbal constructions in series...............................477 |
| − | Section VI Pivotal sentences..............................................................................485 | + | *Section VI Pivotal sentences..............................................................................485 |
| − | Section VII Existential sentences........................................................................496 | + | *Section VII Existential sentences........................................................................496 |
| − | Table 9: Sentences with Special Verb Predicates...............................................505 | + | *Table 9: Sentences with Special Verb Predicates...............................................505 |
| − | ==Chapter Eight Ways of Expressing Comparison...........................................510== | + | ==Chapter Eight Ways of Expressing Comparison.................................................510== |
| − | Section I Using 比 to express comparison....................................................511 | + | *Section I Using 比 to express comparison....................................................511 |
| − | Section II Using 跟 to express comparison....................................................525 | + | *Section II Using 跟 to express comparison....................................................525 |
| − | Section III Using 有 to express comparison....................................................531 | + | *Section III Using 有 to express comparison....................................................531 |
| − | Section IV Using 像 to express comparison....................................................537 | + | *Section IV Using 像 to express comparison....................................................537 |
| − | Section V Using 不如 to express comparison................................................543 | + | *Section V Using 不如 to express comparison................................................543 |
| − | Section VI Using 越来越 to express comparison............................................547 | + | *Section VI Using 越来越 to express comparison............................................547 |
| − | Table 10: Six Ways of Expressing Comparison............................................551 | + | *Table 10: Six Ways of Expressing Comparison............................................551 |
| − | ==Chapter Nine Ways of Expressing Emphasis...............................................557== | + | ==Chapter Nine Ways of Expressing Emphasis.....................................................557== |
| − | Section I Using interrogative pronouns to express emphasis....................558 | + | *Section I Using interrogative pronouns to express emphasis....................558 |
| − | Section II Using 连….都（也）to express emphasis...................................562 | + | *Section II Using 连….都（也）to express emphasis...................................562 |
| − | Section III Using the adverb 是 to express emphasis...................................566 | + | *Section III Using the adverb 是 to express emphasis...................................566 |
| − | Section IV Using the adverb 就 to express emphasis...................................570 | + | *Section IV Using the adverb 就 to express emphasis...................................570 |
| − | Section V Using double negation to express emphasis...............................572 | + | *Section V Using double negation to express emphasis...............................572 |
| − | Section VI Using 是….的 to express emphasis..............................................577 | + | *Section VI Using 是….的 to express emphasis..............................................577 |
| − | Table 11: Six Ways to Express Emphasis.....................................................580 | + | *Table 11: Six Ways to Express Emphasis.....................................................580 |
| − | Chapter Ten Complex Sentences..................................................................583 | + | ==Chapter Ten Complex Sentences......................................................................583== |
| − | Definition..................................................................................................................583 | + | *Definition..................................................................................................................583 |
| − | Grammatical features..............................................................................................583 | + | *Grammatical features..............................................................................................583 |
| − | Types of complex sentences..................................................................................586 | + | *Types of complex sentences..................................................................................586 |
| − | Section I Coordinate complex sentences.....................................................588 | + | *Section I Coordinate complex sentences.....................................................588 |
| − | Section II Coordinate complex sentences and correlatives.........................595 | + | *Section II Coordinate complex sentences and correlatives.........................595 |
| − | Section III Subordinate complex sentences....................................................608 | + | *Section III Subordinate complex sentences....................................................608 |
| − | Section IV Subordinate complex sentences and correlatives.......................617 | + | *Section IV Subordinate complex sentences and correlatives.......................617 |
| − | Section V The contracted sentence................................................................638 | + | *Section V The contracted sentence................................................................638 |
| − | Appendix I Grammatical Terms.........................................................................646 | + | ==Appendix I Grammatical Terms..........................................................................646== |
| − | Appendix II Reference Books.............................................................................652 | + | ==Appendix II Reference Books.............................................................................652== |
Revision as of 09:18, 9 November 2011
Contents
- 1 Chapter One Introduction …………………….....................................................1
- 2 Chapter Two Parts of Speech…………………….............................................11
- 3 Chapter Three Phrases........................................................................................155
- 4 Chapter Four Sentence elements.......................................................................228
- 5 Chapter Five The Simple Sentence....................................................................330
- 6 Chapter Six Aspects of an Action........................................................................403
- 7 Chapter Seven Sentences with Special Verbal Predicates..............................445
- 8 Chapter Eight Ways of Expressing Comparison.................................................510
- 9 Chapter Nine Ways of Expressing Emphasis.....................................................557
- 10 Chapter Ten Complex Sentences......................................................................583
- 11 Appendix I Grammatical Terms..........................................................................646
- 12 Appendix II Reference Books.............................................................................652
Chapter One Introduction …………………….....................................................1
Chapter Two Parts of Speech…………………….............................................11
- Words......................................................................................................................11
- Classification of words..........................................................................................12
- Conversion of parts of speech..............................................................................12
- Section I Nouns...............................................................................................16
- Section II Verbs...............................................................................................26
- Section III Auxiliary verbs.................................................................................41
- Section IV Adjectives........................................................................................48
- Section V Numerals..........................................................................................58
- Section VI Measure words................................................................................73
- Section VII Pronouns..........................................................................................95
- Section VIII Adverbs...........................................................................................105
- Section IX Prepositions....................................................................................116
- Section X Conjunctions....................................................................................123
- Section XI Particles ..........................................................................................131
- Section XII Interjections.....................................................................................146
- Section XIII Onomatopes...................................................................................150
- Table 1: Relationships Between the Parts of Speech
and the Elements of a Sentence..........................................................................154
Chapter Three Phrases........................................................................................155
- Phrases....................................................................................................................155
- Classification of phrases........................................................................................155
- The basis for classifying phrases..........................................................................156
- Section I The coordinative phrase.................................................................157
- Section II The Subject – Predicate phrase....................................................165
- Section III The Verb – Object phrase..............................................................170
- Section IV The endocentric phrase..................................................................174
- Section V The Numeral – Measure word phrase..........................................181
- Section VI The complementary phrase...........................................................190
- Section VII The phrase of locality......................................................................197
- Section VIII The appositive phrase....................................................................205
- Section IX The set phrase.................................................................................208
- Section X The prepositional phrase................................................................213
- Section XI The 的- phrase.................................................................................222
- Table 2: Phrases and Their Functions..................................................................226
Chapter Four Sentence elements.......................................................................228
- Section I The subject.......................................................................................229
- Section II The predicate...................................................................................235
- Section III The object.........................................................................................243
- Section IV The attributive...................................................................................253
- Section V Adverbial adjuncts...........................................................................261
- Section VI Complements..................................................................................271
- Table 3: Relationship of Different Parts of Speech and
Phrases with Complements of Different Kinds....................................................328 ...
Chapter Five The Simple Sentence....................................................................330
- Definition..................................................................................................................330
- The basic structure of the simple sentence..........................................................330
- Functions of the simple sentence..........................................................................333
- The classification of sentences.............................................................................333
Part One Classification of sentences in terms of structure................................334
- Section I Sentences with verbal predicates..................................................334
- Section II Sentences with adjectival predicates...........................................339
- Section III Sentences with nominal predicates..............................................342
- Section IV The sentence with an S-P phrase as the predicate.....................346
- Table 4: The Four Types of Subject-Predicate Sentence..........................352
- Section V The subjectless sentence...............................................................354
- Section VI The one-word/phrase sentence.....................................................357
- Section VII The elliptical sentence.....................................................................361
- Table 5: The Three Kinds of Non S-P Sentence.........................................363
Part Two Classification of sentences in terms of function............................365
- Section VIII The declarative sentence................................................................365
- Section IX The interrogative sentence.............................................................368
- Table 6: The Five Types of Questions..........................................................395
- Section X The imperative sentence.................................................................396
- Section XI The exclamatory sentence..............................................................399
- Table 7: The Four Kind of Sentence Classified in Terms of Function.......402
Chapter Six Aspects of an Action........................................................................403
- Definition...................................................................................................................403
- Common ways to indicate the aspect of an action...............................................404
- Section I The progressive aspect of an action..............................................405
- Section II The continuous aspect of an action................................................414
- Section III The perfect aspect of an action.......................................................423
- Section IV The changing aspect of an action...................................................431
- Section V Actions as past experience.............................................................435
- Table 8: The Five Aspects of an Action..................................................................441
Chapter Seven Sentences with Special Verbal Predicates..............................445
- Section I The 是-sentence................................................................................446
- Section II The 有-sentence................................................................................455
- Section III The 把-sentence................................................................................461
- Section IV The 被-sentence................................................................................470
- Section V Sentences with verbal constructions in series...............................477
- Section VI Pivotal sentences..............................................................................485
- Section VII Existential sentences........................................................................496
- Table 9: Sentences with Special Verb Predicates...............................................505
Chapter Eight Ways of Expressing Comparison.................................................510
- Section I Using 比 to express comparison....................................................511
- Section II Using 跟 to express comparison....................................................525
- Section III Using 有 to express comparison....................................................531
- Section IV Using 像 to express comparison....................................................537
- Section V Using 不如 to express comparison................................................543
- Section VI Using 越来越 to express comparison............................................547
- Table 10: Six Ways of Expressing Comparison............................................551
Chapter Nine Ways of Expressing Emphasis.....................................................557
- Section I Using interrogative pronouns to express emphasis....................558
- Section II Using 连….都（也）to express emphasis...................................562
- Section III Using the adverb 是 to express emphasis...................................566
- Section IV Using the adverb 就 to express emphasis...................................570
- Section V Using double negation to express emphasis...............................572
- Section VI Using 是….的 to express emphasis..............................................577
- Table 11: Six Ways to Express Emphasis.....................................................580
Chapter Ten Complex Sentences......................................................................583
- Definition..................................................................................................................583
- Grammatical features..............................................................................................583
- Types of complex sentences..................................................................................586
- Section I Coordinate complex sentences.....................................................588
- Section II Coordinate complex sentences and correlatives.........................595
- Section III Subordinate complex sentences....................................................608
- Section IV Subordinate complex sentences and correlatives.......................617
- Section V The contracted sentence................................................................638
