Comparing "hui," "neng," "keyi"

This is one of the trickiest comparisons, as 会 (huì), 能 (néng), and 可以 (kěyǐ) are often translated as "can." Sometimes they are explained as: 会 means "know how to," 能 means "to be able to," and 可以 means "to have permission to." Actually, they overlap somewhat.

Basic Meanings

The words 会 (huì), 能 (néng), and 可以 (kěyǐ) actually overlap a little in meaning. The first step is to understand their basic meanings, though:

  1. 会 (huì) can mean "know how to" and can express an action that you had to learn or be trained in to do.
  2. 能 (néng) means "to be able to" and expresses having a certain ability or having obtained a certain minimum requirement.
  3. 可以 (kěyǐ) means "may" or "to be allowed to" and expresses having another person's permission.

As for overlap, this graphic helps explain nicely:

Hui-neng-keyi-venn-diagram.png

The regions marked by letters are explained in the sections below:

  • A: ability in the sense of “know how to” (会 (huì) is more common than 能 (néng))
  • B: permission/request (use 能 (néng) or 可以 (kěyǐ))
  • C: possibility (use 能 (néng) or 可以 (kěyǐ))
  • D: permission not granted (use 不可以 (bù kěyǐ))
  • E: impossibility (use 不能 (bù néng))

Expressing Ability

Both 会 and 能 can be used to express ability in something.

Structure

会／能 + Verb

Examples

  • 我们 都 会 游泳 。Wǒmen dōu huì yóuyǒng.We all can swim.
  • 他 不 会 修 电脑 。Tā bù huì xiū diànnǎo.He doesn't know how to fix computers.
  • 你 真的 能 吃 三 碗 米饭 吗 ？Nǐ zhēnde néng chī sān wǎn mǐfàn ma?Are you really able to eat three bowls of rice?

Example dialogue:

  • A: 你 会 说 中文 吗 ？A: Nǐ huì shuō Zhōngwén ma?Can you speak Chinese?
  • B: 不 好意思 ，我 只 能 说 一点 。B: Bù hǎoyìsi, wǒ zhǐ néng shuō yīdiǎn.Sorry, I can only speak a little.

Expressing Permission

可以 is used to ask for or give permission. However, 能 can also be used to replace 可以 interchangeably.

Note: When a question is asked using 能/可以 it can be answered with 不能/不可以, meaning no, and only 可以 meaning yes. Chinese don't really answer with just 能。

Structure

可以 / 能 + Verb

Examples

  • 我 可以 走 了 吗 ？Wǒ kěyǐ zǒu le ma?Am I allowed to leave now?
  • 你 能 不 能 帮 我 一下 吗 ？Nǐ néng bu néng bāng wǒ yīxià ma?Could you help me a bit?
  • 动物 不 能 进 。Dòngwù bù néng jìn.Animals are not allowed to come in.

Example dialogue:

  • A: 我 能 在 这里 抽烟 吗 ？A: Wǒ néng zài zhèlǐ chōuyān ma?Can I smoke here?
  • B: 不 可以 。B: Bù kěyǐ.No, you can't.

Expressing Possibility

能 and 可以 can also be used to express possibility.

Example

  • 明天 你 能 早点 来 吗 ？Míngtiān nǐ néng zǎodiǎn lái ma?Is it possible for you to come al little earlier tomorrow?
  • 可 不 可以 换 一 个 ？Kě bù kěyǐ huàn yī gè?Is it possible to change it?
  • 能 不 参加 吗 ？Néngbù cānjiā ma?Is it possible to not attend?

Example dialogue:

  • A: 能 不 能 取消 今天 的 课 ？A: Néng bù néng qǔxiāo jīntiān de kè?Is it possible to cancel today's lesson?
  • B: 不 能 。B: Bù néng.Impossible.

Talking about the Future

Only 会 can be used to mean something is going to happen. It expresses that something in the future will happen and is often used to express trends or possibilities.

Examples

  • 你们 会 结婚 吗 ？Nǐmen huì jiéhūn ma?Are you going to get married?
  • 我 不 会 这么 做 。Wǒ bù huì zhème zuò.I won't do it like this.
  • 你 会 怪 我 吗 ？Nǐ huì guài wǒ ma?Will you blame me?

Example dialogue:

  • A: 今天 会 下雨 吗 ？Jīntiān huì xiàyǔ ma?Is it going to rain today?
  • B: 我看 不 会 。Wǒ kàn bù huì.I don't think it will.

Using Adverbs to Add Emphasis

By placing 很 (hěn) before 会, it adds emphasis to the level of ability and skill on the action presented. 很会 is commonly used to mean 'to be good at" and expresses being very skillful at something, or doing something very well. It can be translated as "really can," as in "you really can speak Chinese!," in other words, "you are good at speaking Chinese."

When 很 is placed in front of 能, the meaning takes on a amazed/surprised tone on the action. Although more rarely used, it emphasis quantity and amount. 很能 is most commonly used with 吃(chī) to eat, and 睡 (shuì) to sleep. It's like the English equivalent of saying you "can really" do something. For example saying that someone "can really sleep" means that they can sleep a lot.

Note: 很可以 is not a phrase and therefore can not be used with 会 to add emphasis. Other adverbs like 真(), 太 (), 这么() etc. can also be used.

Structure

很 + 会／能 + Verb

Examples

  • 这个 女生 很 会 打扮 。Zhège nǚshēng hěn huì dǎban.This girl knows how to dress up really well.
  • 我 妈妈 很 会 做饭 。My mom cooks very well.Wǒ māma hěn huì zuòfàn.My mother really knows how to cook.
  • 他 很 会 说话 。Tā hěn huì shuōhuà.He's a smooth talker.
  • 他 很能 说 。Tā hěn néng shuō.He's quite a talker.

Examples used with other adverbs:

  • 你 真能 吃 !The subject can eat a lot.Nǐ zhēn néng chī!Wow, you really can eat!
  • 他 太 能 睡 了。The subject can sleep a lot, for many hours.He can really sleep.
  • 没想到 你 这么能 吃苦 。I didn't expect you to be a person who can handle so many burdens.
  • 他很会说话 。 The subject has good speaking skills, he speaks well with high level terms/sentence structure. He really knows how to talk.
  • 他很能说话。 The subjects talks a lot. He can really talk.
  • 他很可以说话。
  • 她很会吃。 The subject has great knowledge about food and its culture, a true connoisseur. She really knows how to eat.
  • 她很能吃。 The subjects eats a lot, a great amount. She can really eat.
  • 她很可以吃。
  • 老师 很会 打篮球。 The Is very skillful in basketball. The teacher really knows how to play basketball.
  • 老师 很能 打篮球。 Although technically you can play a lot of basketball, this phrase would not be used.
  • 老师 很可以 打篮球。

Similar expression with different meanings

  • 我 现在 能 跳舞 了，我 的 脚 伤 好 了 。 I am able to dance now, my foot is better. (The condition changed)
  • 我 现在 会 跳舞 了，我 学 了 两 个 月 。 I know how to dance now, I studied for two months. (It's a learned skill)
  • 我 现在 可以 跳舞 了，我 爸爸 同意 了。 I'm allowed to dance now, my dad agreed. (The dad gave permission)
  • 我 们 学 了 半 年 中文，现在 我会说 一 点 中 文。 We have learned half a year of Chinese, now I know how to speak a little bit of Chinese (The speaker now knows a new language)
  • 你 能 用 中文 演讲 吗？ Can you use Chinese to make a speech? (The speaker is asking if that person has the ability to)
  • 我 们 已 经 说 了 两 个 小 时 英文，现在 可 以 说 中文 吗？ We have already spoken two hours of English, can we speak Chinese now? (The speaker is asking for permission)
  • 我 会 做 中国 菜。 I know how to make Chinese food.
  • 你 能 吃 吗？Can you eat (do you have the ability to) eat spicy Chinese food?
  • 我 们 可以 去 吃 中国 菜 吗？Can we go eat Chinese food? (Asking for permission)

Similarities

会， 能， 可以 share a few essential rules. The first common rule shared by these three is that none of them can be followed by an aspectual particle.

  • 他会做饭。
    • He knows how to eat.
  • 他会过做饭。

Secondly, 会, 能, and 可以 have to come before any prepositional phrases or descriptive adverbial modifiers in the sentence.

  • 你可以把课本再看一次，看完以后再来考试。You can read over the textbook again, when you're done come back to take the test.
  • 你把课本可以再看一次， 看完以后再来考试。
  • 他们会努力地读一读。They will seriously read it over.
  • 他们努力地会读一读。

Example dialog

  • A: 我 可以 和 他们 一起 踢 足球 吗？ Can I play soccer with them? (Am I allowed?)
  • B: 你 的 腿 还 没 好，现在 你 不 能 踢。 Your foot still isn't better. You can't go right now. (His rule prohibits it)
  • A: 它 会 好 吗？ Will it get better? (会 indicates the future)
  • B: 嗯，你 放 心 吧，很 快 就 会 好 的。 Yes, don't worry, it will get better soon.

For a good visualization on how these three overlap, check out the Chinese Modal Verb Venn Diagram.

See Also

Sources and further reading

Books

Dictionaries

Websites


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