Reference:A Practical Chinese Grammar For Foreigners (外国人实用汉语语法)

Chapter Two Parts of Speech…………………….............................................11

Words......................................................................................................................11 Classification of words..........................................................................................12 Conversion of parts of speech..............................................................................12 Section I Nouns...............................................................................................16 Section II Verbs...............................................................................................26 Section III Auxiliary verbs.................................................................................41 Section IV Adjectives........................................................................................48 Section V Numerals..........................................................................................58 Section VI Measure words................................................................................73 Section VII Pronouns..........................................................................................95 Section VIII Adverbs...........................................................................................105 Section IX Prepositions....................................................................................116 Section X Conjunctions....................................................................................123 Section XI Particles ..........................................................................................131 Section XII Interjections.....................................................................................146 Section XIII Onomatopes...................................................................................150 Table 1: Relationships Between the Parts of Speech

and the Elements of a Sentence..........................................................................154

Chapter Three Phrases.........................................................................................155

Phrases....................................................................................................................155 Classification of phrases........................................................................................155 The basis for classifying phrases..........................................................................156 Section I The coordinative phrase.................................................................157 Section II The Subject – Predicate phrase....................................................165 Section III The Verb – Object phrase..............................................................170 Section IV The endocentric phrase..................................................................174 Section V The Numeral – Measure word phrase..........................................181 Section VI The complementary phrase...........................................................190 Section VII The phrase of locality......................................................................197 Section VIII The appositive phrase....................................................................205 Section IX The set phrase.................................................................................208 Section X The prepositional phrase................................................................213 Section XI The 的- phrase.................................................................................222 Table 2: Phrases and Their Functions..................................................................226

Chapter Four Sentence elements.........................................................................228

Section I The subject.......................................................................................229 Section II The predicate...................................................................................235 Section III The object.........................................................................................243 Section IV The attributive...................................................................................253 Section V Adverbial adjuncts...........................................................................261 Section VI Complements..................................................................................271 Table 3: Relationship of Different Parts of Speech and Phrases with Complements of Different Kinds....................................................328 ...

Chapter Five The Simple Sentence.....................................................................330

Definition..................................................................................................................330 The basic structure of the simple sentence..........................................................330 Functions of the simple sentence..........................................................................333 The classification of sentences.............................................................................333 Part One Classification of sentences in terms of structure................................334 Section I Sentences with verbal predicates..................................................334 Section II Sentences with adjectival predicates...........................................339 Section III Sentences with nominal predicates..............................................342 Section IV The sentence with an S-P phrase as the predicate.....................346 Table 4: The Four Types of Subject-Predicate Sentence..........................352 Section V The subjectless sentence...............................................................354 Section VI The one-word/phrase sentence.....................................................357 Section VII The elliptical sentence.....................................................................361 Table 5: The Three Kinds of Non S-P Sentence.........................................363 Part Two Classification of sentences in terms of function............................365 Section VIII The declarative sentence................................................................365 Section IX The interrogative sentence.............................................................368 Table 6: The Five Types of Questions..........................................................395 Section X The imperative sentence.................................................................396 Section XI The exclamatory sentence..............................................................399 Table 7: The Four Kind of Sentence Classified in Terms of Function.......402

Chapter Six Aspects of an Action........................................................................403

Definition...................................................................................................................403 Common ways to indicate the aspect of an action...............................................404 Section I The progressive aspect of an action..............................................405 Section II The continuous aspect of an action................................................414 Section III The perfect aspect of an action.......................................................423 Section IV The changing aspect of an action...................................................431 Section V Actions as past experience.............................................................435 Table 8: The Five Aspects of an Action..................................................................441

Chapter Seven Sentences with Special Verbal Predicates............................445

Section I The 是-sentence................................................................................446 Section II The 有-sentence................................................................................455 Section III The 把-sentence................................................................................461 Section IV The 被-sentence................................................................................470 Section V Sentences with verbal constructions in series...............................477 Section VI Pivotal sentences..............................................................................485 Section VII Existential sentences........................................................................496 Table 9: Sentences with Special Verb Predicates...............................................505

Chapter Eight Ways of Expressing Comparison...........................................510

Section I Using 比 to express comparison....................................................511 Section II Using 跟 to express comparison....................................................525 Section III Using 有 to express comparison....................................................531 Section IV Using 像 to express comparison....................................................537 Section V Using 不如 to express comparison................................................543 Section VI Using 越来越 to express comparison............................................547 Table 10: Six Ways of Expressing Comparison............................................551

Chapter Nine Ways of Expressing Emphasis...............................................557

Section I Using interrogative pronouns to express emphasis....................558 Section II Using 连….都（也）to express emphasis...................................562 Section III Using the adverb 是 to express emphasis...................................566 Section IV Using the adverb 就 to express emphasis...................................570 Section V Using double negation to express emphasis...............................572 Section VI Using 是….的 to express emphasis..............................................577 Table 11: Six Ways to Express Emphasis.....................................................580

Chapter Ten Complex Sentences..................................................................583 Definition..................................................................................................................583 Grammatical features..............................................................................................583 Types of complex sentences..................................................................................586 Section I Coordinate complex sentences.....................................................588 Section II Coordinate complex sentences and correlatives.........................595 Section III Subordinate complex sentences....................................................608 Section IV Subordinate complex sentences and correlatives.......................617 Section V The contracted sentence................................................................638

Appendix I Grammatical Terms.........................................................................646 Appendix II Reference Books.............................................................................652