Particles

助词

• Aspect particles
• Structural particles
• Modal particles

Potential content

• Can't be used alone (have no meaning on their own)
• Neutral tone
• Can't be used as sentence elements
• Always appear at the end of a phrase

Sources and further reading

• 外国人实用汉语语法(中英文对照) (pp. 131 - 150)
• Practicing HSK Grammar (pp. 121 - 140)