Beginner Guide to Chinese Grammar
As a beginner, Chinese grammar can be challenging to understand. In this quick review, we will provide you with some basic tools to help you start mastering the language!
Contents
Background
English is classified as an Indo-European language. This language family includes a lot of languages spoken in the western world, including the romance languages (such as Spanish, French, and Portuguese) as well as the Slavic languages (such as Russian, Czech, and Polish) and many others. All of these languages have common grammar features which include conjugating verbs for different tenses, specific rules about subject/verb agreement, and adding endings to words to make them plural.
Chinese does not fit into the Indo-European family. Instead, it is classified as a Sino-Tibetan language and as a result the grammar can be very difficult for second language learners.
As a language, Chinese does not have an actual alphabet. Instead, characters known as “hanzi” are used to express the different sounds of the language. These characters can also be written using the roman letters in a system called “pinyin.”
Basic Tools
When initially learning Chinese, there are a number of misconceptions about Chinese grammar. We will start this overview looking at five specific tools in Chinese grammar. They are Word order • Questions • Possessives • Negation • Aspect
Word Order
In many cases, the basic sentence structure is the same in Chinese as it is in English. Both languages use a subject-verb or a subject-verb-object formula for writing sentences. This means that the subject of your sentence does something.
For Example: In English, correct grammar is to say "You eat." In Chinese, correct grammar is to say "你 吃" (pinyin "Nǐ chī")
More examples can be found on our word order page. We also have pages to help you use time words in the correct word order, write simple noun-adjective sentences, and change up the word order to comment on specific topics.
Questions
Simple sentences can be turned into questions adding “ma” or "bu" to the end of a sentence. This modifies the sentence the same way “ok” or “right” modifies a sentences in English. "Ma" is the affirmative form of the question, confirming that the statement is true. "Bu" forms a negative form of the question. Here are some examples: An English version of a sentence that uses "ma" might read: "You are okay, right?" An English version of a sentence that uses "by" might read: "That was fun, no?"
There are of course "other ways to form questions". In English, we use questions words (commonly referred to as the 5 W's and 1 H) to make questions. These "question words" also exist in Chinese, but their placement within a sentence is very important. The structure of a sentence follow the same structure as the response.
For example: In English, the structure of the question to learn someone's name is "Who are you?" The person answering this question is going to say "I am Li Li." In Chinese, the structure of the question to learn someone's name is "You are who?" The question follows the same structure as the structure of the answer (subject-verb-object.) This works for other questions too such as "It is what?" (Answer: "It is a ball.")
Creating "yes/no questions" is easy too! These allow you to give someone options such as "Do you want to eat here?" or "Should we leave now?"
Possessives
Possession can be show using the particle “de”. This character functions the same way as an apostrophe “s” does in English and is added after the subject of the sentence, between the nouns. In other words, using "de" is the equivalent of saying "Bryan's car" or "Vikki's bike."
When expressing "close possession" (such as when talking about your family, your friends, or your workplace) "de" is unnecessary, because the possession is implied in the nature of the relationship. This would be the equivalent of saying "my friend" or "her school."
Possession can also be expressed by talking about things you have. Just like we can say in English "I have the tickets" or "James has the camera" the particle "you" can be used to show this type of possession.
Negation
You can use the same basic word order to express things that don’t happen. To express this negative action, the character “bu” is placed before the verb. This functions much like the word "not" in English.
For example: In English you could add "not" to the sentence "I speak English" and it would read "I do not speak English." In Chinese you add "bu" at the same point in the sentence, right after the subject that does not do the action.
"Bu" can be used with both "verbs" (to express something that isn't done) and "adjectives" (to express that something does not have a characteristic.)
In order to form negative possession (saying you don't have something) you use the particle "mei" instead of "bu." This allows you to say sentences like "Maureen doesn't have a phone" or "Terry doesn't have the keys." It is placed after the subject but before the verb "you".
Aspect
Many beginners think that Chinese has no grammar. While this belief is false, it usually stems from the fact Chinese has no tenses to express events that took place in either the past or the future. Instead of tense, the language puts more emphasis on "aspect".
More Information
Of course all of this is just the beginning. There are many more interesting characters and rules that can help you say lots of different things in Chinese. Check out the A1 page for more information.
