De (structural particle)

The structural particle "de" has three written forms in modern Chinese, each with its own uses:

• The structural particle 的 (most often used for modifying nouns)
• The structural particle 得 (most often used with complements)
• The structural particle 地 (most often used for adverbial phrases)

There is also a modal particle 的.

的

See also: structural particle 的

的 + Noun

的 is known as 白芍的 (bái-sháo de) in Chinese as it's composed of the characters 白 (bái) and 勺 (sháo). It's used to mark possession or modification. One way to think about 的 is that it works like s' in English (apostrophe s), e.g.

Xiaoli's house

小李的房子

This analogy works very well for possession, as it shows how English and Chinese handle possession in a similar way. Just remember that Chinese uses this 'possession' far more widely than English. Modifying, describing qualities and assigning attributes are all handled in the same way as possession, by using 的.

红色的自行车

Here 的 is used to modify 'bike' with the colour 'red'. You could still think of this as possession - a bike that belongs to the category red.

得

See also: structural particle 得

Verb + 得

得 is known as 双人得 (shuāngrén de), as the radical 彳 is often known as 双人 (shuāngrén) - 'double person'. This de is probably the trickiest to crack for English speakers as it has no obvious equivalent in English. 得 is used to construct various kinds of complements.

地

See also: structural particle 地

地 + Verb

地 is known as (tǔ-yě de) as it's composed of the characters 土 (tǔ) and 也 (yě). It's used to mark adverbs, and can often be seen as equivalent to the suffix -ly in English.

Sources and further reading

• Grammar book: 外国人实用汉语语法(中英文对照) (pp. 133-135)
• Blog post: The Three Musketeers (的, 得, and 地) on ChinesePod.com
• Blog post (Chinese): “的”与“地”“得”
• Online document (Chinese): “的”“地”“得”的用法区别 explains and shares a song about the three de's
• East Asia Student: 的 地 得 grammar summary (DE particles)