Potential complement

Verbs can take potential complements that indicate whether or not the action is actually possible. They are useful in Chinese to say if an action can take place.

Affirmative Form

Structurally, potential complements are closely related to both result complements and direction complements, so it helps to be familiar with those first. The most important and commonly used potential complements are derived from other complements such as the following:

• Verb + 见 e.g. 看见, 听见 (result complements)
• Verb + 懂 e.g. 看懂, 听懂 (result complements)
• Verb + 完 e.g. 吃完, 做完, 用完, 花完 (result complements)
• Verb + Adj. e.g. 看清楚, 听明白, 洗干净 (result complements)
• Verb + 到 e.g. 找到, 买到, 收到 (result complements)
• Verb + Direction e.g. 上来, 下去, 进去, 起来, 走过去, 爬上去 (direction complements)

Potential complements can be positive or negative. What this means is fairly intuitive - potential complements can be used to express that something can happen or that it can't.

Structure

Subj. + Verb + 得 + Complement

Examples

• 你 听 得 懂 吗 ？Nǐ tīng de dǒng ma?Can you understand it?
• 这本书 才 五十页 ，我 今晚 肯定 看 得 完 。Zhè běn shū cái wǔshí yè, wǒ jīnwǎn kěndìng kàn de wán.This book only has 50 pages. I can definitely finish reading it.
• 他 这么 粗心 ，做 得 好 吗 ？Tā zhème cūxīn, zuò de hǎo ma?He'a so careless. Can he do it well?
• 你 这么 聪明 ，肯定 学 得 会 。Nǐ zhème cōngming, kěndìng xué de huì.You're so smart. You can definitely learn this.
• 早上 五点 出发 ，孩子们 起 得 来 吗 ？Zǎoshang wǔdiǎn chūfā, háizi men qǐ de lái ma? We're leaving at five a.m.; will the kids be able to come?
• 这么 高 的 山 ，你 爬 得 上去 吗 ？Zhème gāo de shān, nǐ pá de shàngqù ma? The mountain is so high. Can you make it to the top?

Negative Form

Structure

Subj. + Verb + 不 + Complement

Examples

• 你 的 声音 太 小 了 ，我们 听 不 见 。Nǐ de shēngyīn tài xiǎo le, wǒmen tīng bu jiàn.Your voice is too soft. We can't hear you.
• 我 没 戴 眼镜 ，看 不 清楚 。Wǒ méi dài yǎnjìng, kàn bu qīngchu.When I don't wear glasses, I can't see clearly.
• 这个 自行车 太 破 了 ，我 修 不 好 。Zhège zìxíngchē tài pò le, wǒ xiū bù hǎo.This bike is so broken. I can't fix it.
• 这 种 手机 太 过时 了 ，现在 买 不 到 了 。Zhè zhǒng shǒujī tài guòshí le, xiànzài mǎi bù dào le.This type of cell phone is out of date. You can't buy it now.
• 不 好意思 ，我 真的 想 不 起来 了 。Bù hǎoyìsi, wǒ zhēnde xiǎng bù qǐlai le.I'm sorry but I really can't recall anything.
• 门 太 小 了 ，我 的 车 开 不 进去 。Bù hǎoyìsi, wǒ zhēnde xiǎng bù qǐlai le.Mén tài xiǎo le, wǒ de chē kāi bu jìnqù.The door is too small. My car can't go through it.

Used with Objects

Objects in sentences with potential complements can occur either after the complement or at the beginning of a sentence.

A few examples:

• 你 听 得 懂 上海话 吗 ？Nǐ tīng de dǒng Shànghǎi-huà ma?Can you understand Shanghai dialect?
• 上海话 我 听 不 懂 。Shànghǎi-huà wǒ tīng bu dǒng.I don't understand Shanghai dialect.

• 我 在 上海 找 得 。You can't eat this kind of street food in Shanghai.
• 不 到 。You can't eat this kind of street food in Shanghai.

Advanced Potential Complements

There are actually quite a few potential complements out there, and this article touches on some of the simplest and most common ones. Be aware that there are many more, but they all follow the same basic pattern outlined here. You can also see our article on advanced potential complements.

See also

• Result complements
• Advanced potential complements

Sources and and further reading

Books

• Basic Patterns of Chinese Grammar (pp. 71) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy
• Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide (pp. 191) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy
• Boya Chinese Elementary Starter 1 (博雅汉语初经起步篇) (pp. 197) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy
• Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (pp. 291) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy
• Practicing HSK Grammar (语法精讲精炼) (pp. 125) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy
• Contemporary Chinese 2 (当代中文2) (pp. 63) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy
• New Practical Chinese Reader 3 (新实用汉语课本3) (pp. 99) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy

Websites

Yale

• The Potential Complement
• Potential Complement And Degree Complement In Contrast