Expressing "including" with "zainei"

The word 包括 can be used as a verb. In addition, 包括 can also be used as an adverb at the beginning of a sentence, equivalent to the English "including".

Basic Usage

Structure

Subj. + 包括 ⋯⋯

Examples

• 他 说 “咱们”，当然 包括 你 。Tā shuō"zánmen", dāngrán bāokuò nǐ.He said "us". That certainly includes you.
• 我 每 个 月 的 房租 不 包括 水 电 费 。Wǒ měi gè yuè de fángzū bù bāokuò shuǐ diàn fèi.My monthly rent does not include my water and electric bill.
• 公司 的 福利 包括 很 多 方面。Gōngsī de fúlì bāokuò hěn duō fāngmiàn.The company's welfare benefits includes many aspects.
• 他 对 很 多 话题 都 很 感兴趣，包括 政治。Tā duì hěn duō huàtí dōu hěn gǎn xìngqù, bāokuò zhèngzhì.He finds many topics of conversation interesting, including politics.
• 简历 一般 包括 个人 信息，教育 背景，工作 经历 等。Jiǎnlì yībān bāokuò gèrén xìnxī, jiàoyù bèijǐng, gōngzuò jīnglì děng.A résumé generally includes a person's information, education background, work experience, etcetera.

Advanced Usage

In English, the position of the adverb is usually flexible. But in Chinese, the word 包括 can only be placed in the head of a sentence, and will usually be used in conjunction with 在内 and 一共. In spoken language, 在内 and 一共 can be omitted.

Structure

包括 ⋯⋯ (+在内) ，一共 ⋯⋯

Examples

• 包括 税，两 张 机票 一共 是 五千 。Bāokuò shuì, liǎng zhāng jīpiào yīgòng shì wǔ qiān. Including taxes, two airplane tickets all together are $5,000.
• 包括 我 在内，一共 有 十五 个 人 参加 这个 会议 。Bāokuò wǒ zàinèi, yīgòng yǒu shíwǔ gè rén cānjiā zhège huìyì.Including myself, 15 people total participated in this meeting.
• 包括 奖金 在内，这个 月 我 拿 了 一万 块 钱 工资。Bāokuò jiǎngjīn zàinèi, zhège yuè wǒ ná le yī wàn kuài qián gōngzī.Including bonuses, this month I received a salary of 1,000 RMB.
• 包括 母语 在内，他 一共 会 说 四 种 语言。Bāokuò mǔyǔ zàinèi, tā yīgòng huì shuō sì zhǒng yǔyán.Including my native language, I can speak a total of 4 languages.
• 包括 每 个 月 的 物业 费，我们 办公室 的 租金 是 两 万 。Bāokuò měi gè yuè de wùyè fèi, wǒmen bàngōngshì de zūjīn shì liǎng wàn.Including monthly property fees, our office's rent is $20,000.

Source and further reading

Books

• HSK Standard Course 5上 (pp. 19) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy

HSK4