Difference between revisions of "Defining upper and lower limits"
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− | + | To specify "more than" or "less than" a certain amount, or "within" a certain amount, you're going to want to use some of these common words: 以上 (yǐshàng), 以下 (yǐxià), 以内 (yǐnèi), and 以外 (yǐwài). All are "nouns of locality," or 方位词 in Chinese. | |
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== 以上 and 以下 == | == 以上 and 以下 == | ||
− | + | These two words mean "more than"/"above" and "less than"/"below," non-inclusive. | |
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=== Structure === | === Structure === | ||
<div class="jiegou"> | <div class="jiegou"> | ||
− | + | Amount / Level + 以上 / 以下 | |
</div> | </div> | ||
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<div class="liju"> | <div class="liju"> | ||
− | + | *十 岁 <em>以下</em> 的 孩子 不用 买 票 。<span class="pinyin">Shí suì <em>yǐxià</em> de háizi bùyòng mǎi piào.</span><span class="trans">Children under the age of 10 do not need to buy tickets.</span> | |
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*我们 需要 有 两 年 <em>以上</em> 工作 经验 的 人 。<span class="pinyin">Wǒmen xūyào yǒu liǎng nián <em>yǐshàng</em> gōngzuò jīngyàn de rén.</span><span class="trans">We need people with two years of working experience or more.</span> | *我们 需要 有 两 年 <em>以上</em> 工作 经验 的 人 。<span class="pinyin">Wǒmen xūyào yǒu liǎng nián <em>yǐshàng</em> gōngzuò jīngyàn de rén.</span><span class="trans">We need people with two years of working experience or more.</span> | ||
− | * | + | *我 老家 空气 还 不错,PM2.5 一般 在 五十 <em>以下</em> 。<span class="pinyin">Wǒ lǎojiā kōngqì hái bùcuò, PM2.5 yībān zài wǔshí <em>yǐxià</em>.</span><span class="trans">The air in my hometown is good. The PM 2.5 level is generally under 50.</span> |
− | * | + | *这里 的 冬天 气温 都 在 零度 <em>以下</em> 。<span class="pinyin">Zhèlǐ de dōngtiān qìwēn dōu zài língdù <em>yǐxià</em>.</span><span class="trans">The winter temperatures here go below zero.</span> |
− | * | + | *我们 出差 都 住 三 星级 <em>以上</em> 的 酒店。<span class="expl">This could possibly be inclusive of 3-star hotels. Real-world usage is sometimes imprecise!</span><span class="pinyin">Wǒmen chūchāi dōu zhù sān xīngjí <em>yǐshàng</em> de jiǔdiàn.</span><span class="trans">When we go on business trips, we stay at hotels with above a 3-star rating.</span> |
− | *<em>以下</em> 就 谈谈 这个 问题 应该 怎么 解决。<span class="pinyin"><em>Yǐxià</em> jiù tántán zhège wèntí yīnggāi zěnme jiějué.</span><span class="trans"> | + | *<em>以下</em> 就 谈谈 这个 问题 应该 怎么 解决。<span class="expl">This could be written or spoken.</span><span class="pinyin"><em>Yǐxià</em> jiù tántán zhège wèntí yīnggāi zěnme jiějué.</span><span class="trans">Following, we will discuss how we should resolve this problem.</span> |
− | *<em>以上</em> 只 是 我 个人 的 看法 。<span class="pinyin"><em>Yǐshàng</em> zhī shì wǒ gèrén de kànfǎ.</span><span class="trans">The | + | *<em>以上</em> 只 是 我 个人 的 看法 。<span class="expl">This could be written or spoken.</span><span class="pinyin"><em>Yǐshàng</em> zhī shì wǒ gèrén de kànfǎ.</span><span class="trans">The above is just my personal opinion.</span> |
</div> | </div> | ||
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== 以内 and 以外 == | == 以内 and 以外 == | ||
− | + | Literally, 以内 and 以外 mean "within" and "outside." This spatial meaning can be extended to all kinds of meanings, as you will see below. Note that 以外 often combines with [[除了]]. | |
− | + | ||
=== Structure === | === Structure === | ||
<div class="jiegou"> | <div class="jiegou"> | ||
− | + | [Amount / Time / Place / Scope] + 以内 / 以外 | |
</div> | </div> | ||
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<div class="liju"> | <div class="liju"> | ||
− | *两 天 <em>以内</em> 必须 完成 。<span class="pinyin">Liǎng tiān <em>yǐnèi</em> bìxū wánchéng.</span><span class="trans">Must be completed | + | *两 天 <em>以内</em> 必须 完成 。<span class="pinyin">Liǎng tiān <em>yǐnèi</em> bìxū wánchéng.</span><span class="trans">Must be completed within two days.</span> |
*半 小时 <em>以内</em> 能 送到 吗 ?<span class="pinyin">Bàn xiǎoshí <em>yǐnèi</em> néng sòngdào ma?</span><span class="trans">Can you deliver in 30 minutes or less?</span> | *半 小时 <em>以内</em> 能 送到 吗 ?<span class="pinyin">Bàn xiǎoshí <em>yǐnèi</em> néng sòngdào ma?</span><span class="trans">Can you deliver in 30 minutes or less?</span> | ||
*这个 大楼 50 米 <em>以内</em> 不 能 停车 。<span class="pinyin">Zhège dàlóu wǔshí mǐ <em>yǐnèi</em> bù néng tíng chē.</span><span class="trans">You cannot park within 50 meters of this building.</span> | *这个 大楼 50 米 <em>以内</em> 不 能 停车 。<span class="pinyin">Zhège dàlóu wǔshí mǐ <em>yǐnèi</em> bù néng tíng chē.</span><span class="trans">You cannot park within 50 meters of this building.</span> | ||
− | *请 你 站 在 两 米 <em>以外</em> 的 地方 。<span class="pinyin">Qǐng nǐ zhàn zài liǎng mǐ <em>yǐwài</em> de dìfang.</span><span class="trans"> | + | *请 你 站 在 两 米 <em>以外</em> 的 地方 。<span class="pinyin">Qǐng nǐ zhàn zài liǎng mǐ <em>yǐwài</em> de dìfang.</span><span class="trans">Please stand 2 meters or more from this place.</span> |
*这个 区 <em>以外</em> 的 几 个 区 都 不 太 发达 。<span class="pinyin">Zhège qū <em>yǐwài</em> de jǐ gè qū dōu bù tài fādá.</span><span class="trans">All of the areas outside this one are not very developed.</span> | *这个 区 <em>以外</em> 的 几 个 区 都 不 太 发达 。<span class="pinyin">Zhège qū <em>yǐwài</em> de jǐ gè qū dōu bù tài fādá.</span><span class="trans">All of the areas outside this one are not very developed.</span> | ||
− | *除了 三 四 年级 的 学生 <em>以外</em> ,五 年级 的 学生 也 可以 参加 。<span class="pinyin">Chúle sān sì niánjí de xuéshēng <em>yǐwài</em>, wǔ niánjí de xuéshēng yě kěyǐ cānjiā.</span><span class="trans">Aside from the students in | + | *除了 三 四 年级 的 学生 <em>以外</em> ,五 年级 的 学生 也 可以 参加 。<span class="pinyin">Chúle sān sì niánjí de xuéshēng <em>yǐwài</em>, wǔ niánjí de xuéshēng yě kěyǐ cānjiā.</span><span class="trans">Aside from the students in grades three and four, students in grade five can also participate.</span> |
</div> | </div> |
Revision as of 08:16, 18 November 2020
To specify "more than" or "less than" a certain amount, or "within" a certain amount, you're going to want to use some of these common words: 以上 (yǐshàng), 以下 (yǐxià), 以内 (yǐnèi), and 以外 (yǐwài). All are "nouns of locality," or 方位词 in Chinese.
Contents
以上 and 以下
These two words mean "more than"/"above" and "less than"/"below," non-inclusive.
Structure
Amount / Level + 以上 / 以下
Examples
- 十 岁 以下 的 孩子 不用 买 票 。Children under the age of 10 do not need to buy tickets.
- 我们 需要 有 两 年 以上 工作 经验 的 人 。We need people with two years of working experience or more.
- 我 老家 空气 还 不错,PM2.5 一般 在 五十 以下 。The air in my hometown is good. The PM 2.5 level is generally under 50.
- 这里 的 冬天 气温 都 在 零度 以下 。The winter temperatures here go below zero.
- 我们 出差 都 住 三 星级 以上 的 酒店。This could possibly be inclusive of 3-star hotels. Real-world usage is sometimes imprecise!When we go on business trips, we stay at hotels with above a 3-star rating.
- 以下 就 谈谈 这个 问题 应该 怎么 解决。This could be written or spoken.Following, we will discuss how we should resolve this problem.
- 以上 只 是 我 个人 的 看法 。This could be written or spoken.The above is just my personal opinion.
以内 and 以外
Literally, 以内 and 以外 mean "within" and "outside." This spatial meaning can be extended to all kinds of meanings, as you will see below. Note that 以外 often combines with 除了.
Structure
[Amount / Time / Place / Scope] + 以内 / 以外
Examples
- 两 天 以内 必须 完成 。Must be completed within two days.
- 半 小时 以内 能 送到 吗 ?Can you deliver in 30 minutes or less?
- 这个 大楼 50 米 以内 不 能 停车 。You cannot park within 50 meters of this building.
- 请 你 站 在 两 米 以外 的 地方 。Please stand 2 meters or more from this place.
- 这个 区 以外 的 几 个 区 都 不 太 发达 。All of the areas outside this one are not very developed.
- 除了 三 四 年级 的 学生 以外 ,五 年级 的 学生 也 可以 参加 。Aside from the students in grades three and four, students in grade five can also participate.
See also
Sources and further reading
Books