Difference between revisions of "Comparing "chao" "xiang" and "wang""
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| − | {{Grammar Box}} | + | {{Grammar Box}} |
| − | + | All three of these, 朝 (cháo), 向 (xiàng), and 往 (wǎng) can be used to indicate direction or position. When these preposition phrases are used before a verb, the three have the same structure and their meaning is the same. Although they are often interchangeable, there are also cases when they are not. | |
| − | + | == When 朝, 向, and 往 Are All Appropriate == | |
| − | + | === Structure === | |
| − | + | Just put one of the three before the direction and the verb! | |
| − | |||
| − | |||
<div class="jiegou"> | <div class="jiegou"> | ||
| − | + | 向 / 朝 / 往 + Direction + Verb | |
| − | 向/朝/往 + | ||
| − | |||
</div> | </div> | ||
=== Examples === | === Examples === | ||
| + | |||
| + | The three are interchangeable in these types of "purely directional" usage. | ||
<div class="liju"> | <div class="liju"> | ||
| − | + | * 从 这里 <em>向</em> / <em>朝</em> / <em>往</em> 北 走 两 百 米 就 到 了。<span class="pinyin">Cóng zhèlǐ <em>xiàng</em>/ <em>cháo</em>/ <em>wǎng</em> běi zǒu liǎng bǎi mǐ jiù dào le.</span><span class="trans">From here, go one hundred meters north, and you'll get there.</span> | |
| − | * 从 这里 <em>向</em> / <em>朝</em> / <em>往</em> 北 走 两 百 米 就 到 了。 | + | * 这 个 小 女孩 <em>向</em> 左 看看 又 <em>向</em> 右 看看 才 过 马路。<span class="pinyin">Zhège xiǎo nǚhái <em>xiàng</em> zuǒ kànkan yòu <em>xiàng</em> yòu kànkan cái guò mǎlù.</span><span class="trans">This little girl looked left and then looked right before crossing the street.</span> |
| − | * 这 个 小 女孩 <em>向</em> 左 | + | * 我 看见 他 <em>朝</em> 你们 家 去 了。<span class="pinyin">Wǒ kànjiàn tā <em>cháo</em> nǐmen jiā qù le.</span><span class="trans">I saw him going towards your house.</span> |
| − | * 我 看见 他 <em>朝</em> 你们 家 去 了。 | + | * <em>往</em> 前 走 十 分 钟。<span class="pinyin"><em>Wǎng</em> qián zǒu shí fēnzhōng.</span><span class="trans">Walk forward for ten minutes.</span> |
| − | * <em>往</em> 前 走 十 分 钟。 | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
| − | == | + | == When to Use 向 and 往 == |
| − | + | 向 and 往 can sometimes be placed after a verb, however not just any verb will do. Oft-used verbs are 开, 飞, 发, 运, 送, 寄, 带, 驶 etc. As you can see, these are words that imply some sort of motion. In addition, compared to 向, 往 is used more often with those verbs, because 往 indicates the destination while 向 merely expresses a direction,. 朝 is not used this way. | |
=== Structure === | === Structure === | ||
<div class="jiegou"> | <div class="jiegou"> | ||
| − | Verb + 向/往 + | + | Verb + 向 / 往 + Direction |
</div> | </div> | ||
| Line 40: | Line 37: | ||
<div class="liju"> | <div class="liju"> | ||
| − | * 这 趟 火车 开 <em>往</em> 沈阳。 | + | * 这 趟 火车 <strong>开</strong><em>往</em> 沈阳。<span class="pinyin">Zhè tàng huǒchē <strong>kāi</strong><em>wǎng</em> Shěnyáng.</span><span class="trans">This train is heading towards Shenyang.</span> |
| − | * 这 趟 航班 飞 <em>往</em> 纽约。 | + | * 这 趟 航班 <strong>飞</strong><em>往</em> 纽约。<span class="pinyin">Zhè tàng hángbān <strong>fēi</strong><em>wǎng</em> Niǔyuē.</span><span class="trans">This plane is bound for New York.</span> |
| − | * 一 辆 | + | * 一 辆 黑色 的 小 轿车 慢慢 地 从 东 <strong>驶</strong><em>向</em> 西。<span class="pinyin">Yī liàng hēisè de xiǎo jiàochē mànmàn de cóng dōng <strong>shǐ</strong><em>xiàng</em> xī.</span><span class="trans">A small black sedan slowly drove from east to west.</span> |
| − | * 像 鸟儿 一样 飞 <em>向</em> 蓝天。 | + | * 像 鸟儿 一样 <strong>飞</strong><em>向</em> 蓝天。<span class="pinyin">Xiàng niǎoér yīyàng <strong>fēi</strong><em>xiàng</em> lántiān.</span><span class="trans">Like a bird, it flew into the blue yonder.</span> |
</div> | </div> | ||
| − | == | + | == When to Use "向" and "朝" == |
| − | + | When a concrete action has a specific ''target'' (not a ''destination''), use 向 or 朝. 往 cannot be used this way. | |
| − | |||
| − | |||
=== Structure === | === Structure === | ||
<div class="jiegou"> | <div class="jiegou"> | ||
| − | 向/朝 + | + | 向 / 朝 + Target + Concrete Verb |
</div> | </div> | ||
| Line 61: | Line 56: | ||
<div class="liju"> | <div class="liju"> | ||
| − | * 他 <em>向</em> / <em>朝</em> 我 笑 了 笑。 | + | * 他 <em>向</em> / <em>朝</em> 我 笑 了 笑。<span class="pinyin">Tā <em>xiàng</em> / <em>cháo</em> wǒ xiào le xiào.</span><span class="trans">He chuckled at me.</span> |
| − | * 我 <em>朝</em> 他 开 了 一 枪。 | + | * 我 <em>朝</em> 他 开 了 一 枪。<span class="pinyin">Wǒ <em>cháo</em> tā kāi le yī qiāng.</span><span class="trans">I took a shot at him.</span> |
| − | * 他 已经 <em>向</em> 全体 员工 解释 过 了。 | + | * 他 已经 <em>向</em> 全体 员工 解释 过 了。<span class="pinyin">Tā yǐjīng <em>xiàng</em> quántǐ yuángōng jiěshì guo le.</span><span class="trans">He has already explained it to all the employees.</span> |
</div> | </div> | ||
| − | == | + | == When Only "向" Is Correct == |
| − | + | When a verb and or the target of the verb is abstract, you can only use 向 to indicate the target, and cannot use 朝. | |
=== Structure === | === Structure === | ||
<div class="jiegou"> | <div class="jiegou"> | ||
| − | 向 + | + | 向 + Target + Abstract Verb |
</div> | </div> | ||
| + | |||
=== Examples === | === Examples === | ||
<div class="liju"> | <div class="liju"> | ||
| − | * 他 是 优秀 员工，我们 都 要 <em>向</em> 他 学习。 | + | * 他 是 优秀 员工，我们 都 要 <em>向</em> 他 学习。 <span class="pinyin">Tā shì yōuxiù yuángōng, wǒmen dōu yào <em>xiàng</em> tā xuéxí.</span><span class="trans">He is an exemplary employee, we should all learn from him.</span> |
| − | * 我们 要 <em>向</em> 环保 部门 要求 严查 工厂 排污。 | + | * 我们 要 <em>向</em> 环保 部门 要求 严查 工厂 排污。<span class="pinyin">Wǒmen yào <em>xiàng</em> huánbǎo bùmén yāoqiú yán chá gōngchǎng páiwū.</span><span class="trans">We are going to demand that the Environmental Safety Department closely inspect the factory's sewage.</span> |
</div> | </div> | ||
| − | == | + | == Common Mistakes == |
<div class="liju"> | <div class="liju"> | ||
<ul> | <ul> | ||
| − | <li class=" | + | <li class="x">这 个 地铁 是 <strong>开</strong><em>朝</em> 浦东 机场 的 吗 ？<span class="pinyin">Zhège dìtiě shì <strong>kāi</strong><em>cháo</em> Pǔdōng jīchǎng de ma?</span></li> |
| − | <li class="o"> | + | <li class="o">这 个 地铁 是 <strong>开</strong><em>往</em> 浦东 机场 的 吗 ？<span class="pinyin">Zhège dìtiě shì <strong>kāi</strong><em>wǎng</em> Pǔdōng jīchǎng de ma?</span><span class="trans">Is this subway heading towards Pudong Airport?</span></li> |
| − | <li class=" | + | <li class="x">你 要 多 <em>往</em> 雷锋 同志 学习 。<span class="pinyin">Nǐ yào duō <em>wǎng</em> Léi Fēng tóngzhì xuéxí.</span></li> |
| − | <li class=" | + | <li class="x">你 要 多 <em>朝</em> 雷锋 同志 学习 。<span class="pinyin">Nǐ yào duō <em>cháo</em> Léi Fēng tóngzhì xuéxí.</span></li> |
| − | <li class="o"> | + | <li class="o">你 要 多 <em>向</em> 雷锋 同志 学习 。<span class="pinyin">Nǐ yào duō <em>xiàng</em> tā xuéxí xuéxí.</span><span class="trans">You need to go to him to learn.</span></li> |
| − | <li class="x"> | + | <li class="x">帅哥 <em>往</em> 我 笑 了 一下 。<span class="pinyin">Shuàigē <em>wǎng</em> wǒ xiào le yīxià.</span><span class="trans">When the handsome guy headed my way I smiled.</span></li> |
| − | <li class=" | + | <li class="o">帅哥 <em>朝</em> 我 笑 了 一下 。<span class="pinyin">Shuàigē <em>cháo</em> wǒ xiào le yīxià.</span><span class="trans">When the handsome guy headed my way I smiled.</span></li> |
| − | + | <li class="o">帅哥 <em>向</em> 我 笑 了 一下 。<span class="pinyin">Shuàigē <em>xiàng</em> wǒ xiào le yīxià.</span><span class="trans">The cute guy smiled at me.</span></li> | |
| − | <li class=" | ||
</ul> | </ul> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
| − | == | + | == Example dialog == |
<div class="liju"> | <div class="liju"> | ||
| − | * A: 他 <em>往</em> 南 走 | + | * A: 他 <em>往</em> 南 走 了 。<span class="pinyin">A: Tā <em>wǎng</em> nán zǒu le.</span><span class="trans">He walked south.</span> |
| − | * B: 你 怎么 让 他 <em>往</em> 南 走 | + | * B: 笨蛋 ！ 你 怎么 让 他 <em>往</em> 南 走 呢 ？南边 很 危险 ！<span class="pinyin">B: Bèndàn! Nǐ zěnme ràng tā <em>wǎng</em> nán zǒu ne? Nánbiān hěn wēixiǎn!</span><span class="trans">Idiot! Why did you let him go south? Going south is dangerous!</span> |
| − | * A: 你 <em>朝</em> 我 发 什么 | + | * A: 你 <em>朝</em> 我 发 什么 火 ？我 说 了 他 不 听 。<span class="pinyin">A: Nǐ <em>cháo</em> wǒ fā shénme huǒ? Wǒ shuō le tā bù tīng.</span><span class="trans">Why are you getting mad at me? I told him but he didn't listen</span> |
| − | * B: | + | * B: 不好意思 ，我 应该 <em>向</em> 你 道歉 。<span class="pinyin">B: Bù hǎoyìsi, wǒ yīnggāi <em>xiàng</em> nǐ dàoqiàn.</span><span class="trans">I'm sorry. I should apologize to you.</span> |
</div> | </div> | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
== Sources and further reading == | == Sources and further reading == | ||
| Line 113: | Line 106: | ||
=== Books === | === Books === | ||
| − | + | {{Source|现代汉语八百词（增订本）|196}} | |
| − | + | {{Source|现代汉语虚词例释|79, 505}} | |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
[[Category:grammar comparison]] | [[Category:grammar comparison]] | ||
| Line 125: | Line 115: | ||
{{Used for|Describing things}} | {{Used for|Describing things}} | ||
{{Used for|Describing actions}} | {{Used for|Describing actions}} | ||
| − | {{Comparison}} | + | {{Similar|Expressing "toward" with "wang"}} |
| + | {{Comparison|Prepositions}} | ||
Latest revision as of 09:41, 14 January 2021
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Level
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Similar to
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Used for
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Keywords
All three of these, 朝 (cháo), 向 (xiàng), and 往 (wǎng) can be used to indicate direction or position. When these preposition phrases are used before a verb, the three have the same structure and their meaning is the same. Although they are often interchangeable, there are also cases when they are not.
Contents
When 朝, 向, and 往 Are All Appropriate
Structure
Just put one of the three before the direction and the verb!
向 / 朝 / 往 + Direction + Verb
Examples
The three are interchangeable in these types of "purely directional" usage.
- 从 这里 向 / 朝 / 往 北 走 两 百 米 就 到 了。From here, go one hundred meters north, and you'll get there.
- 这 个 小 女孩 向 左 看看 又 向 右 看看 才 过 马路。This little girl looked left and then looked right before crossing the street.
- 我 看见 他 朝 你们 家 去 了。I saw him going towards your house.
- 往 前 走 十 分 钟。Walk forward for ten minutes.
When to Use 向 and 往
向 and 往 can sometimes be placed after a verb, however not just any verb will do. Oft-used verbs are 开, 飞, 发, 运, 送, 寄, 带, 驶 etc. As you can see, these are words that imply some sort of motion. In addition, compared to 向, 往 is used more often with those verbs, because 往 indicates the destination while 向 merely expresses a direction,. 朝 is not used this way.
Structure
Verb + 向 / 往 + Direction
Examples
- 这 趟 火车 开往 沈阳。This train is heading towards Shenyang.
- 这 趟 航班 飞往 纽约。This plane is bound for New York.
- 一 辆 黑色 的 小 轿车 慢慢 地 从 东 驶向 西。A small black sedan slowly drove from east to west.
- 像 鸟儿 一样 飞向 蓝天。Like a bird, it flew into the blue yonder.
When to Use "向" and "朝"
When a concrete action has a specific target (not a destination), use 向 or 朝. 往 cannot be used this way.
Structure
向 / 朝 + Target + Concrete Verb
Examples
- 他 向 / 朝 我 笑 了 笑。He chuckled at me.
- 我 朝 他 开 了 一 枪。I took a shot at him.
- 他 已经 向 全体 员工 解释 过 了。He has already explained it to all the employees.
When Only "向" Is Correct
When a verb and or the target of the verb is abstract, you can only use 向 to indicate the target, and cannot use 朝.
Structure
向 + Target + Abstract Verb
Examples
- 他 是 优秀 员工，我们 都 要 向 他 学习。 He is an exemplary employee, we should all learn from him.
- 我们 要 向 环保 部门 要求 严查 工厂 排污。We are going to demand that the Environmental Safety Department closely inspect the factory's sewage.
Common Mistakes
- 这 个 地铁 是 开朝 浦东 机场 的 吗 ？
- 这 个 地铁 是 开往 浦东 机场 的 吗 ？Is this subway heading towards Pudong Airport?
- 你 要 多 往 雷锋 同志 学习 。
- 你 要 多 朝 雷锋 同志 学习 。
- 你 要 多 向 雷锋 同志 学习 。You need to go to him to learn.
- 帅哥 往 我 笑 了 一下 。When the handsome guy headed my way I smiled.
- 帅哥 朝 我 笑 了 一下 。When the handsome guy headed my way I smiled.
- 帅哥 向 我 笑 了 一下 。The cute guy smiled at me.
Example dialog
- A: 他 往 南 走 了 。He walked south.
- B: 笨蛋 ！ 你 怎么 让 他 往 南 走 呢 ？南边 很 危险 ！Idiot! Why did you let him go south? Going south is dangerous!
- A: 你 朝 我 发 什么 火 ？我 说 了 他 不 听 。Why are you getting mad at me? I told him but he didn't listen
- B: 不好意思 ，我 应该 向 你 道歉 。I'm sorry. I should apologize to you.
Sources and further reading
Books
- 现代汉语八百词（增订本） (pp. 196) [ →buy]
- 现代汉语虚词例释 (pp. 79, 505) 卓越汉语－公司实战篇 →buy
