Difference between revisions of "Using "ba" sentences"

Revision as of 08:22, 1 August 2011

Also known as: 把字句 (Bǎzì Jù), 把 construction, disposal construction, preposition 把 and pre-transitive 把.

The 把 sentence is a useful structure for focusing on the result or influence of an action. It's really common in Mandarin, but can feel a bit strange for English speakers at first.

How to form a 把 sentence

Basic 把 sentences

A basic sentence in Mandarin is formed with a subject-verb-object (SVO) word order, as in English:

我吃了馒头。

A 把 sentence shakes things up a bit, and you get this structure:

Subject + 把 + Object + Verb

So you now have a SOV word order

我把馒头吃下了。

You might notice that another character, 下, crept in after the verb. This is because 把 sentences are used for describing what happened to the object. In other words, there always has to be something else after the verb:

Subject + 把 + Object + Verb + Something else

This is often described as the disposal of the object, which might sound a bit fancy but we'll use it for convenience here. As well as the verb, you need to indicate that the action was completed and applied to the object. In this case 下 indicates this 'disposal'.

The idea of disposal will be covered in more detailed below. For now just remember that a 把 sentence must describe what happened to the object in the end. A useful way of thinking about it is that 把 is similar to saying "What I did with ... was ... " or "What happened to ... was ..."

More examples

Basic 把 sentences
Subject	把	Object	Verb	Disposal
我	把	那本书	放	在桌子上	。
你	把	你的作业	做	好	。
他	把	我的钱包	偷	走了	。
她	把	我的车	修	好了	。
您	把	您的姓名	写	下来	。

Negating 把 sentences

To negate a 把 sentence, insert 不 (present) or 没有 (past) directly in front of 把. You can't put it after 把, 'inside' the 把 construction, as this would break the rule about describing what happened to the object. It would be like saying "What happened to ... was nothing". It doesn't sound natural.

Negating 把 sentences
Subject	Negative	把	Object	Verb	Disposal
我	没有	把	你的电脑	弄	坏	。
你	不要	把	我的啤酒	喝	完	。
他	没	把	钥匙	拿	起来	。
她	没有	把	她的房间	收拾	干净	。

Adverbs in 把 sentences

把 sentences and measure words

把 sentences with two objects

把 with 给

When to use a 把 sentence

'What did you do?' vs 'What did you do with...?'

Known object

Definiteness
Generic things

Disposal

Subjects and verbs for 把 sentences

Subjectless 把 sentences

Verb must indicate result

Single character verbs can't be used alone

把 sentences and complements

No potential complements
Result complements prefer 把
Direction complements prefer 把

Other rules for 把 sentences

No 过 particle

Other uses of 把

Measure word for things with handles

Sources and further reading

Books

Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar (pp. 463 - 492)
外国人实用汉语语法(中英文对照) (pp. 461 - 470)
简明汉语语法学习手册 (pp. 167 - 181)

Websites

Mandarin Essential Grammar (Yale): 把 Construction
CTCFL (Oxford): The 把 Construction
Mandarin Online: 把字句

@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 A basic sentence in Mandarin is formed with a subject-verb-object (SVO) [[word order]], as in English:
-: 我吃了馒头。
+: <span class="liju">我 吃了 馒头。</span>
 A 把 sentence shakes things up a bit, and you get this structure:
@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
 So you now have a SOV word order
-: 我把馒头吃下了。
+: <span class="liju">我 把 馒头 吃下了。</span>
-You might notice that another character crept in after the verb. This is because 把 sentences are used for describing ''what happened to'' the object. This is often described as the ''disposal'' of the object. As well as the verb, you need to indicate that the action was completed and applied to the object. In this case 下 indicates this 'disposal'.
+You might notice that another character, 下, crept in after the verb. This is because 把 sentences are used for describing ''what happened to'' the object. In other words, there always has to be something else after the verb:
+: <div class="jiegou">Subject + 把 + Object + Verb + ''Something else''</div>
+This is often described as the ''disposal'' of the object, which might sound a bit fancy but we'll use it for convenience here. As well as the verb, you need to indicate that the action was completed and applied to the object. In this case 下 indicates this 'disposal'.
 The idea of disposal will be covered in more detailed below. For now just remember that a 把 sentence must describe what happened to the object in the end. A useful way of thinking about it is that 把 is similar to saying "What I did with ... was ... " or "What happened to ... was ..."