Direction complement
- Also known as: 趋向补语 (qūxiàng bǔyǔ), directional complement and complement of direction.
A direction complement is a verbal complement that's used, you guessed it, to describe the direction of a verb.
Contents
Coming and going
The most basic (and common) form of direction complement is formed by a verb and 来 or 去:
Verb + 来 or 去
The most important thing to consider with direction complements is the position of the speaker. If the action moves towards the speaker or comes closer in any way, use 来. If the action moves away from the speaker or becomes more distant in any way, use 去.
| Direction | Verb | Complement | Explanation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Position of speaker | ← | 下 | 下来 | The movement is down towards the speaker: "come down" |
| → | 下 | 下去 | The movement is down away from the speaker: "go down" | |
| ← | 上 | 上来 | The movement is up towards the speaker: "come up" | |
| → | 上 | 上去 | The movement is up and away from the speaker: "go up" | |
| ← | 出 | 出来 | The movement is out and towards the speaker: "come out" | |
| → | 出 | 出去 | The movement is out and away from the speaker: "go out" | |
| ← | 进 | 进来 | The movement is in and towards the speaker: "come in" | |
| → | 进 | 进去 | The movement is in and away from the speaker: "go in" |
You might be wondering how the directional distinction between 来 and 去 works when you're talking about yourself moving. You can't move away from or towards yourself, so should it be 来 or 去? The answer is to look at the context of the movement you're talking about. Are you telling someone you'll see them tomorrow? As in English, in Chinese you'd say something like "I'll come and see you tomorrow".
Usage examples
You can use these simple compounds in a huge variety of situations. Here are some examples:
- 我 在 楼上，请 上来。
- 妈妈 对 儿子 说：“爬 树 很 危险，你 下来！”
- 你 在 楼上，我 上来。
- 你 在 楼下，我 下来。
- 我 在 外面，请 出来。
- 我 在 里面，请 进来。
- 他们 在 外面，咱们 出去 跟 他们 见面。
- 你 先 进去 吧。
With other verbs
来 and 去 can form direction compounds with many other verbs. Some more examples:
- 别 想念 我，我 明天 回来。
- 他 明天 回去，我 会 想念 他。
- 我 有 件 事 想 跟 你 讨论，请 过来。
- 我 看到 路边 发生 了 事故，所以 过去 了。
Adding a place with 到
Direction complements are very useful for talking about arriving at destinations. The structure for this is:
到 + place + 来 or 去
Notice that you separate the verb from its direction complement. The location goes in between the two. Some examples:
- 我 刚才 到 上海 来 了。
- 你 想 到 我家 来 吗？
- 我 明年 会 到 巴黎 去。
- 他 没有 到 中国 去 过。
Compound direction complements
Direction complements can be more complex than just 来 or 去. You can form compound direction complements in the following way:
| 上 | 下 | 进 | 出 | 回 | 过 | 起 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 来 | 上来 | 下来 | 进来 | 出来 | 回来 | 过来 | 起来 |
| 去 | 上去 | 下去 | 进去 | 出去 | 回去 | 过去 | - |
These compounds can then be used in the same way as 来 and 去. Attach them to verbs to give detail about the direction of the action. Some examples:
| Subject | Verb | Direction complement | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 你 | 坐 | 下来 | 。 |
| 他 | 走 | 进来 | 。 |
| 她 | 坐飞机 | 回来 | 。 |
| 我们 | 走 | 出来 | 。 |
| 你 | 跑步 | 过来 | 。 |
| 你们 | 站 | 起来 | 。 |
| 咱们 | 来走 | 下去 | 。 |
Direction complements and objects
Direction complements are not only used to describe the movement of people. Moving objects can also be described with direction complements. Again, the direction of the movement relative to the speaker (or at least to the context of the conversation) is what's most important when deciding what complement to use.
Subject + verb + direction complement + object
This is the structure for the basic form of a sentence with a direction complement and an object. Verbs that commonly appear in this construction include 拿, 送, 奇 and 带. Some examples:
- 我 带 来 了 一 些 水果。
- 我 从 书架 上 拿 下来 一 本 书。
- 他 给 我 送 来 了 一 个 包裹。
- 我 在 路上 拿 起来 了 这 梅 硬币。
- 放 下 你的 手枪！
Direction complements and 把
Direction complements work very well in 把 sentences, as they can be used to describe the disposal of an object (what happened to it in the end). Because of this, it's very common to see direction complements and 把 appearing together. The structure is:
Subject + 把 + Object + Verb + Direction complement
The above examples can be re-arranged into 把 sentences:
- 我 把 一 些 水果 带 来 了。
- 我 把 一 本 书 从 书架 上 拿 下来 了。
- 他 把 一 个 包裹 给 我 送 去 了。
- 我 在 路上 把 这 梅 硬币 拿 起来 了。
- 把 你的 手枪 放 下来！
- See also: 把 sentences
Negating direction complements
Direction complements are negated in the same way as other complements. Treat the verb and direction complement as a compound verb, and negate it with 不 or 没有:
Subject + 不 or 没有 + Verb + Direction complement
Some examples:
- 我 不会 回 去。
- 他 没有 拿 起来 他的 东西。
Direction complements in questions
You can form questions with sentences containing result complements just as you would with any other sentence:
- With a question particle
- With a question word
- With positive-negative inversion
Some examples:
- 你 到 上海 来 了 吗？
- 这 个 楼 很 高 － 你 能 上去 吗？
- 刚才 从 那 个 楼房 出来 的 人 是 谁？
- 你 什么 时候 会 回来？
- 你 想 不想 跟 我 出去？
- 你 能 不能 把 这 个 盒子 拿 起来？
Direction complements with aspect particles
The aspect particles 了 and 过 can be used with direction complements. These are placed after the direction complement. 着 can not be used with direction complements
Some examples:
- 我 回来 了。
- 他 走 出来 了。
- 我 带来 了 我的 朋友。
- 离开 中国 以后，他 没有 回来 过。
- 我 在 上海 出去 过 几 次。
- 我 没 进去 过 那 间 房间。
Additional meanings of direction complements
A lot of direction complements, particularly compound direction complements, have additional idiomatic meanings beyond literally describing the direction of an action. The most common of these are:
See also
Sources and further reading
Books
- 外国人实用汉语语法(中英文对照) (pp. 302 - 317)
- Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar (pp. 58 - 65)
Websites
- Mandarin Essential Grammar (Yale): Directional Complements
