Separable verb

Also known as: 离合词 (líhécí).

"Separable verbs," called 离合词 (líhécí) in Chinese, get their name from their ability to "separate" into two parts (a verb part and an object part), with other words in between. Separable verbs are an important concept to master in Chinese, and are also the source of many beginner mistakes. Mastering separable verbs is an essential objective of the intermediate (B1) level learner of Chinese.

What they are

Mandarin's separable verbs have a counterpart in English: phrasal verbs (also called two-word verbs). While the structure of English's phrasal verbs is different, the "separable" quality works in a very similar way. Take the phrasal verb "check out" for example:

• Check out my new computer.
• Check my new computer out.

Do you see what happened there? The verb "check out" can split into two parts (a verb and a preposition), and other words can go in between those two parts. Separable verbs work much the same way in Chinese, except that the two parts are a verb and an object (a noun).

Let's look at a typical example in Chinese, using the verb 见面, meaning "to meet."

• 我们 明天 见面 。(no separating)Wǒmen míngtiān jiànmiàn.
• 我们 昨天 见 了 面 。(separated, 了 inserted)Wǒmen zuótiān jiàn le miàn.
• 我们 见 过 三 次 面 。(separated, 过, 三次 inserted)Wǒmen jiàn guò sāncì miàn.

Below we will introduce separable verbs in more detail, provide more examples, and also offer more specific cases of where separable verbs can get tricky.

Why use them?

Separable verbs are just one of those things you can't avoid. Many extremely common verbs, such as "to sleep" (睡觉) or "to meet" (见面) are separable verbs, and until you understand which verbs are separable verbs and how they work, you'll forever be making mistakes with these verbs, even in very basic sentences.

How to use them

First, you need to understand the structure of separable verbs. Most separable verbs are a "Verb + Object" (the object is a noun) construct. One might wonder, then, why there needs to be a separate category called "separable verbs" instead of just thinking of them as a verb and an object. There are several reasons to think of them as special verbs:

1. Many separable verbs can't be easily translated into other languages in a way that makes both the verb and the object part clear. For example, 睡觉 (to sleep), 游泳 (to swim), or 结婚 (to get married). In these examples, it's just not easy to think of the objects as an object.
2. The relationship between the verb and the object in a separable verb pair is very close; adding the object to the verb is sort of the "default form" of the verb, even if the verb part can be used without the object.
3. Separable verbs are a source of frequent errors from learners of Chinese. No matter how you think of them, it's good to give these "words" or "phrases" extra attention to make your Chinese more natural.

The key to using separable verbs correctly is to remember that they are "Verb + Object" constructs. The verb alone must be treated as a verb, and the object cannot be treated as a verb. It's from this essential relationship that the following principles flow:

Separable verbs already have an object

Remember, these are "Verb + Object" constructs. So even when a verb like 见面 (to meet) seems like it can take an object, it can't (面 is already the object of 见 in this case), so you can't put an additional object after the verb. In cases like this, you usually need to use a prepositional phrase before the verb.

• 我 想 跟 你 见面 。Wǒ xiǎng gēn nǐ jiànmiàn.(the prepositional phrase, literally "with you," comes before the verb)
• 我 想 见面 你 。Wǒ xiǎng jiànmiàn nǐ.(你 is an extra object; 面 is already the object)
• 我 想 跟 她 结婚 。 Wǒ xiǎng gēn tā jiéhūn.(the prepositional phrase, literally "with her," comes before the verb)
• 我 想 结婚 她 。Wǒ xiǎng jiéhūn tā. (她 is an extra object; 婚 is already the object)
• 我 不 要 跟 你 分手 。Wǒ bùyào gēn nǐ fēnshǒu.(the prepositional phrase, literally "with you," comes before the verb)
• 我 不 要 分手 跟 你 。Wǒ bùyào fēnshǒu gēn nǐ.(the prepositional phrase needs to come before the verb)

Put aspectual particles 了, 着, 过 after the verb

• 见 了 面 jiàn le miàn
• 结 了 婚 jié le hūn
• 生 了 气 shēng le qì

• 开 着 会 kāi zhe huì
• 聊 着 天 liáo zhe tiān
• 吃 着 饭 chī zhe fàn

• 见 过 面 jiàn guò miàn
• 结 过 婚 jié guò hūn
• 生 过 气 shēng guò qì

Note: unlike the particles 过 and 着, the particle 了 is especially tricky, and it can also appear after the object. So it can be correct in multiple places.

Put measure words after the verb

• 见 一 次 面 jiàn yīcì miàn(次 is a verbal measure word)
• 见 个 面 jiàn gè miàn(个 is a general measure word for nouns)

• 吃 一 顿 饭 chī yī dùn fàn(顿 is a measure word for meals)
• 吃 个 饭 chī gè fàn(个 is a general measure word for nouns)

• 睡 个 好 觉shuì gè hǎo jiào (个 is a general measure word for nouns)

• 离 过 两 次 婚 lí guò liǎng cì hūn(次 is a verbal measure word)

When reduplicating, only reduplicate the verb

Reduplication is a way to express the casual nature of a verb, or that it happened only briefly. When it comes to separable verbs, only the verb part reduplicates.

• 见见面 。 jiàn jiàn miàn.(the proper reduplication repeats only the verb 见)
• 见面见面 jiàn miàn jiàn miàn(面 is the object; it should not be repeated.)
• 见见面面 jiàn jiàn miàn miàn(面 is the object; it should not be repeated.)

• 吃吃饭 。chī chī fàn. (the proper reduplication repeats only the verb 吃)
• 吃饭吃饭 chī fàn chī fàn (饭 is the object; it should not be repeated.)
• 吃吃饭饭 chī chī fàn fàn (饭 is the object; it should not be repeated.)

• 散散步 。 sàn sàn bù.(the proper reduplication repeats only the verb 散)
• 散步散步sàn bù sàn bù (步 is the object; it should not be repeated.)
• 散散步步 sàn sàn bù bù (步 is the object; it should not be repeated.)

Common examples

Perhaps the most common examples of separable verbs that beginners struggle with are 见面 and 睡觉. For a more complete list, see the list of separable verbs.

Academic debate

There is some debate as to how useful the concept of separable verbs really is. For our purposes, we're only concerned with whether or not separable verbs are a useful concept for the student of Mandarin Chinese. Many learners do, in fact, find the concept to be quite useful in helping them speak more natural Chinese.

Sources and further reading

Books

• Chinese Grammar Without Tears (简明汉语语法学习手册) (pp. 208) →buy
• New Practical Chinese Reader 3 (新实用汉语课本3) (pp. 16-7) →buy
• Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (3rd ed) (p. 113) →buy
• 40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课上册） (p. 111)→buy

Websites

• The Canadian TCSL Association: 离合词教学的理论与实践
• 北京语言大学网络教育学院: 离合词及其教学
• 百度百科: 离合词
• Sinosplice.com: Syntactic Anguish of the Verb-Object-Modifier Variety
• ChinesePod (free content): Qing Wen - Separable Verbs
• Chinesegrammar.info: A look into the seperable verb 帮忙 by comparing it to 帮.
• Mandarin Friend: “Separable Verbs” – A Misleading and Unnecessary Concept