Difference between revisions of "State complement"
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State complements describe an achieved state of an action. State complements are usually adjective phrases (adverb + adjective) but can take the form of verbal phrases, subject-predicate phrase or other complements. State complements that are adjective phrases often look the same as degree complements and thus often lumped together with degree complements in textbooks. <!-- However, often state complements take a very distinct form of complement (such as entire verb phrases that serve as state complements) which is why they are sometimes categorized as a distinct form of complement. State complement phrases can be quite complex, at times having entire complement phrases act as the state complement. It may be useful to think of more complex complement phrases as meaning "(verb) to the point of (complement)." --> | State complements describe an achieved state of an action. State complements are usually adjective phrases (adverb + adjective) but can take the form of verbal phrases, subject-predicate phrase or other complements. State complements that are adjective phrases often look the same as degree complements and thus often lumped together with degree complements in textbooks. <!-- However, often state complements take a very distinct form of complement (such as entire verb phrases that serve as state complements) which is why they are sometimes categorized as a distinct form of complement. State complement phrases can be quite complex, at times having entire complement phrases act as the state complement. It may be useful to think of more complex complement phrases as meaning "(verb) to the point of (complement)." --> | ||
| − | == Adjective | + | == Adjective as State Complements == |
In a state complement phrase, the verb must be followed by 得, and then the complement follows. The most common type of state complement, where the complement is an adjective phrase, is formed by placing the adjective phrase after 得. | In a state complement phrase, the verb must be followed by 得, and then the complement follows. The most common type of state complement, where the complement is an adjective phrase, is formed by placing the adjective phrase after 得. | ||
| − | + | 一般来说，做情态补语的形容词前要加程度副词，如"很、非常、不太、有点"等。 | |
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=== Examples === | === Examples === | ||
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<div class="liju"> | <div class="liju"> | ||
| − | *她 <strong>来</strong> <em>得 | + | *她 <strong>来</strong> <em>得 有点 晚</em> 。<span class="trans">She came a little late.</span> |
| + | *妈妈 今天 <strong>穿</strong> <em>得 非常 漂亮</em> 。<span class="trans">Mother dressed very nicely today.</span> | ||
*孩子们 <strong>玩</strong> <em>得 很 开心</em> 。<span class="trans">The kids are having lots of fun.</span> | *孩子们 <strong>玩</strong> <em>得 很 开心</em> 。<span class="trans">The kids are having lots of fun.</span> | ||
*我 昨天 <strong>睡</strong> <em>得 不 太 好</em> 。<span class="trans">I didn't sleep very well yesterday.</span> | *我 昨天 <strong>睡</strong> <em>得 不 太 好</em> 。<span class="trans">I didn't sleep very well yesterday.</span> | ||
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<div class="liju"> | <div class="liju"> | ||
| − | * | + | *弟弟 <strong>做</strong> 作业 <strong>做</strong> <em>得 很 慢</em> 。<span class="pinyin">Dìdi <strong>zuò</strong> zuòyè <strong>zuò</strong> <em>de hěn màn</em>.</span><span class="trans">My younger brother does his homework very slowly.</span> |
| − | *他 <strong> | + | *他 <strong>打</strong> 篮球 <strong>打</strong> <em>得 非常 好</em> 。<span class="trans">He eats very fast.</span> |
| + | *我们 班 谁 <strong>说</strong> 汉语 <strong>说</strong> <em>得 最 流利</em> ？<span class="trans">Who speaks Chinese most fluently in our class?</span> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
Revision as of 07:55, 2 August 2017
- Also known as: 状态补语 (zhuàngtài bǔyǔ), 情态补语 (qíngtài bǔyǔ) and complement of state.
State complements describe an achieved state of an action. State complements are usually adjective phrases (adverb + adjective) but can take the form of verbal phrases, subject-predicate phrase or other complements. State complements that are adjective phrases often look the same as degree complements and thus often lumped together with degree complements in textbooks.
Contents
Adjective as State Complements
In a state complement phrase, the verb must be followed by 得, and then the complement follows. The most common type of state complement, where the complement is an adjective phrase, is formed by placing the adjective phrase after 得.
一般来说，做情态补语的形容词前要加程度副词，如"很、非常、不太、有点"等。
Examples
- 她 来 得 有点 晚 。She came a little late.
- 妈妈 今天 穿 得 非常 漂亮 。Mother dressed very nicely today.
- 孩子们 玩 得 很 开心 。The kids are having lots of fun.
- 我 昨天 睡 得 不 太 好 。I didn't sleep very well yesterday.
If the verb taking a complement also has an object, you can repeat the verb: once for the object, then once for the complement:
- 弟弟 做 作业 做 得 很 慢 。My younger brother does his homework very slowly.
- 他 打 篮球 打 得 非常 好 。He eats very fast.
- 我们 班 谁 说 汉语 说 得 最 流利 ？Who speaks Chinese most fluently in our class?
Verb Phrases and other Complements as State Complements
Verb phrases (VP), subject-predicate phrases (SP) and other complements can also serve as complements of state. As with adjective phrase state complements, they can describe a state that arose from the action of the main verb in the sentence. Some examples:
- 他们 唱歌 唱 得 忘 了 时间 。 Here the state complement is a verb phrase and expresses the state to which the subject got caught up in their singing activities (probably at KTV).They sang to the point where they lost track of time.
- 我 儿子 玩 游戏 玩 得 一 晚上 没 睡 。 My son played the video games to the point where he didn't sleep at all last night.
- 地铁 挤 得 我 下 不 去 。The metro was crowded to the point where I couldn't get off.
- 听到 这个 消息 ，她 激动 得 哭 了 起来 。The state complement in this example is used to describe the state of excitement the subject has arrived at.Hearing this news, she was excited to point where she started crying.
State Complements in Questions
You can form questions with sentences containing result complements just as you would with any other sentence:
- With a question particle
- With a question word
- With positive-negative inversion
Some examples:
- 大家 玩 得 高兴 吗 ？Is everyone having fun?
- 哪个 城市 发展 得 最 好 ？What place has developed nicely?
- 衣服 洗 得 干 不 干净 ？Was the clothing washed well [clean]?
References and Further Reading
Books
- New Practical Chinese Reader 2 (新实用汉语课本2) (pp. 15-6) →buy
- New Practical Chinese Reader 3 (新实用汉语课本3) (pp. 65-6) →buy
- 40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课下册） (p. 530)→buy
- 40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课上册） (p. 141)→buy
Websites
- About Chinese Language, XCN Chinese The Complement of State
