Difference between revisions of "Expressing "since" with "jiran""
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{{Grammar Box}} | {{Grammar Box}} | ||
− | 既然 (jìrán) means "since" | + | 既然 (jìrán) means "since," and is often followed by 就 to mean "since...then...." It is used like this: |
== 既然 followed by an affirmative sentence == | == 既然 followed by an affirmative sentence == | ||
− | This construction is not generally used to express a result, but more of a suggestion or inference deduced from the first fact. | + | This construction is not generally used to express a result, but more of a suggestion or inference deduced from the first fact. It can be placed before or after the subject. But if the subjects in the two clauses are the same, 既然 is more often put after the subject. |
=== Structure === | === Structure === | ||
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<div class="liju"> | <div class="liju"> | ||
− | *你 <em>既然</em> 不 想 说,<em>那就</em> 别 说 了。<span class="trans">Since you don't want to speak, just don't say it.</span> <span class="expl">a suggestion | + | *你 <em>既然</em> 不 想 说,<em>那就</em> 别 说 了。<span class="expl">a suggestion</span><span class="pinyin">Nǐ <em>jìrán</em> bùxiǎng shuō, <em>nà jiù</em> bié shuō le.</span><span class="trans">Since you don't want to speak, just don't say it.</span> |
− | + | *<em>既然</em> 你 那么 喜欢,<em>那就</em> 买 吧。 <span class="expl">a suggestion</span><span class="pinyin"><em>Jìrán</em> nǐ <em>nàme</em> xǐhuān, nà jiù mǎi ba.</span><span class="trans">Since you like it so much, buy it then.</span> | |
− | + | *她 <em>既然</em> 刚刚 分手,<em>那</em> 现在 应该 是 单身 吧。 <span class="expl">an inference</span><span class="pinyin">Tā <em>jìrán</em> gānggāng fēnshǒu, <em>nà</em> xiànzài yīnggāi shì dānshēn ba.</span><span class="trans">Since she just had a breakup, she should be single now.</span> | |
− | + | *<em>既然</em> 你们 是 好 朋友,<em>那</em> 他 肯定 会 帮 你 吧。<span class="expl">an inference</span><span class="pinyin"><em>Jìrán</em> nǐmen shì hǎo péngyou, <em>nà</em> tā kěndìng huì bāng nǐ ba.<span class="trans">Since you guys are good friends, he will definitely help you.</span> | |
− | *<em>既然</em> 大家 都 不 感 兴趣,<em>就</em> 换 个 话题 吧。<span class="trans">Since nobody is interested, let's change the topic. | + | *<em>既然</em> 大家 都 不 感 兴趣,<em>就</em> 换 个 话题 吧。<span class="expl">a suggestion</span><span class="pinyin"><em>Jìrán</em> dàjiā dōu bùgǎn xìngqù, <em>jiù</em> huàngè huàtí ba.</span><span class="trans">Since nobody is interested, let's change the topic.</span> |
</div> | </div> | ||
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<div class="liju"> | <div class="liju"> | ||
− | *你 <em>既然</em> 不 喜欢 他,为什么 还 想 跟 他 出去?<span class="trans">Since you don't like him, why do you want to go out with him?</span> <span class="expl">a suggestion | + | *你 <em>既然</em> 不 喜欢 他,为什么 还 想 跟 他 出去?<span class="expl">a suggestion</span><span class="pinyin">Nǐ <em>jìrán</em> bù xǐhuān tā, wèishéme hái xiǎng gēn tā chūqù?</span><span class="trans">Since you don't like him, why do you want to go out with him?</span> |
− | + | *<em>既然</em> 你 已经 决定 了,为什么 现在 后悔?<span class="expl">a suggestion</span><span class="pinyin"><em>Jìrán</em> nǐ yǐjīng juédìng le, wèishéme xiànzài hòuhuǐ?</span><span class="trans">Since you've made your decision, don't regret it then.</span> | |
− | + | *<em>既然</em> 他 那么 忙,你 为什么 还 去 打扰 他?<span class="expl">a suggestion</span><span class="pinyin"><em>Jìrán</em> tā nàme máng, nǐ wèishéme hái qù dǎrǎo tā?</span><span class="trans">Since he's so busy, why would you bother him?</span> | |
− | + | *<em>既然</em> 已经 分手 了,为什么 还 要 见面?<span class="expl">a suggestion</span><span class="pinyin"><em>Jìrán</em> yǐjīng fēnshǒu le, wèishéme hái yào jiànmiàn?</span><span class="trans">Since we broke up, why would we still see each other?</span> | |
− | *<em>既然</em> 你 男朋友 那么 有 钱,<em>那</em> 他 为什么 不 能 大方 一点?<span class="trans">Since your boyfriend is so rich, why can't he be more generous? | + | *<em>既然</em> 你 男朋友 那么 有 钱,<em>那</em> 他 为什么 不 能 大方 一点?<span class="expl">a suggestion</span><span class="pinyin"><em>Jìrán</em> nǐ nán péngyou nàme yǒu qián, nà tā wèishéme bùnéng dàfāng yīdiǎn?</span><span class="trans">Since your boyfriend is so rich, why can't he be more generous?</span> |
</div> | </div> | ||
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=== Books === | === Books === | ||
− | |||
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− | |||
− | |||
+ | {{Source|HSK Standard Course 4下|47}} | ||
+ | {{Source|Chinese Grammar - Broken down into 100 items - Basic and Intermediate Levels (汉语语法百项讲练 - 初中级)|267-9}} | ||
+ | {{Source|Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 2|289-90}} | ||
+ | {{Source|New Practical Chinese Reader 4 (新实用汉语课本4)|179}} | ||
+ | {{Source|卓越汉语-公司实战篇|245}} | ||
[[Category: B2 grammar points]] | [[Category: B2 grammar points]] | ||
− | {{Basic Grammar|既然|B2|既然⋯⋯,就⋯⋯|<em>既然</em> 来 了 , <em>就</em> 留 下来 | + | {{HSK|HSK4}} |
− | + | {{Basic Grammar|既然|B2|既然⋯⋯,就⋯⋯|<em>既然</em> 来 了 , <em>就</em> 留 下来 吃饭 吧 。|grammar point|ASGG4BX9}} | |
− | |||
{{Similar|Cause and effect with "yinwei" and "suoyi"}} | {{Similar|Cause and effect with "yinwei" and "suoyi"}} | ||
{{Similar|Because" with "er" Indicating Effect}} | {{Similar|Because" with "er" Indicating Effect}} |
Revision as of 02:28, 7 July 2020
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Level
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Used for
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Keywords
既然 (jìrán) means "since," and is often followed by 就 to mean "since...then...." It is used like this:
Contents
既然 followed by an affirmative sentence
This construction is not generally used to express a result, but more of a suggestion or inference deduced from the first fact. It can be placed before or after the subject. But if the subjects in the two clauses are the same, 既然 is more often put after the subject.
Structure
既然+Fact, 那 / 就 / 那就+Suggestion / Inference
Examples
- 你 既然 不 想 说,那就 别 说 了。a suggestionSince you don't want to speak, just don't say it.
- 既然 你 那么 喜欢,那就 买 吧。 a suggestionSince you like it so much, buy it then.
- 她 既然 刚刚 分手,那 现在 应该 是 单身 吧。 an inferenceSince she just had a breakup, she should be single now.
- 既然 你们 是 好 朋友,那 他 肯定 会 帮 你 吧。an inference
- 既然 大家 都 不 感 兴趣,就 换 个 话题 吧。a suggestionSince nobody is interested, let's change the topic.
既然 followed by a question
The suggestion or inference deduced from the first fact can come in the form of rhetorical question. In this case, “那” can be omitted.
Structure
既然 + Fact, (那 +)rhetorical question
Examples
- 你 既然 不 喜欢 他,为什么 还 想 跟 他 出去?a suggestionSince you don't like him, why do you want to go out with him?
- 既然 你 已经 决定 了,为什么 现在 后悔?a suggestionSince you've made your decision, don't regret it then.
- 既然 他 那么 忙,你 为什么 还 去 打扰 他?a suggestionSince he's so busy, why would you bother him?
- 既然 已经 分手 了,为什么 还 要 见面?a suggestionSince we broke up, why would we still see each other?
- 既然 你 男朋友 那么 有 钱,那 他 为什么 不 能 大方 一点?a suggestionSince your boyfriend is so rich, why can't he be more generous?
See also
- Cause and Effect with "yinwei" and "suoyi"
- Because" with "er" Indicating Effect
- Expressing "Even if…" with "jishi"
Sources and further reading
Books
- HSK Standard Course 4下 (pp. 47) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy
- Chinese Grammar - Broken down into 100 items - Basic and Intermediate Levels (汉语语法百项讲练 - 初中级) (pp. 267-9) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy
- Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 2 (pp. 289-90) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy
- New Practical Chinese Reader 4 (新实用汉语课本4) (pp. 179) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy
- 卓越汉语-公司实战篇 (pp. 245) 卓越汉语-公司实战篇 →buy