Difference between revisions of "Measure words for counting"
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{{Grammar Box}}  
 
{{Grammar Box}}  
  
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The Chinese use of measure words, linguistically called [http://http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classifier_(linguistics) classifiers], are very common in East Asian languages. Chinese learners should master them.
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Chinese uses [[measure word]]s, a type of word called [http://http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classifier_(linguistics) classifiers] in linguistics which are common in East Asian languages. Measure words have a number of important uses, but one of the first ways you'll need to use them is for counting. Chinese learners should master them, starting with the measure word 个 (gè).
  
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=== Structure ===
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== Structure ==
  
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Whenever you talk about the quantity of something in Chinese, you need a measure word (MW).  
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Whenever you talk about the quantity of something in Chinese, you need a [[measure word]].  
  
 
<div class="jiegou">
 
<div class="jiegou">
  
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Number + MW + Noun
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Number + Measure Word + Noun
  
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
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English does actually have measure words, it's just that most nouns usually don't need them. In English, most nouns are ''count nouns'' - they specify one instance of something. "An apple," for example. Some nouns are ''mass nouns'' and refer to something without specifying how much of it there is. Examples are "furniture," "people," "chocolate" etc. You can't say "a furniture"; you need a measure word: "a ''piece'' of furniture," "two ''groups'' of people," "three ''bars'' of chocolate" and so on.
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English does actually have measure words, it's just that most nouns usually don't need them. In English, most nouns are ''count nouns'' - they specify one instance of something. "An apple," for example. Some nouns are ''mass nouns'' and refer to something without specifying how much of it there is. Examples are "furniture," "paper," "water," etc. You can't say "a furniture"; you need a measure word: "a ''piece'' of furniture," "two ''sheets'' of paper," "three ''glasses'' of water," and so on.
  
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In Chinese, ''all'' nouns are ''mass nouns'' so they all need measure words. Just as in English, different nouns are associated with different measure words (e.g. it wouldn't make sense to talk about "a bar of furniture" unless something went horribly wrong in the factory).
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In Chinese, ''all'' nouns are ''mass nouns'' so they all need measure words. Just as in English, different nouns are associated with different measure words (e.g. it wouldn't make sense to talk about "a glass of furniture" unless something went horribly wrong in the factory).
  
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=== Examples ===
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== Examples ==
  
 
<div class="liju">
 
<div class="liju">
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* 两 <em>只</em> 猫 <span class="pinyin">liǎng <em>zhī</em> māo</span><span class="trans">two cats</span>
 
* 两 <em>只</em> 猫 <span class="pinyin">liǎng <em>zhī</em> māo</span><span class="trans">two cats</span>
 
* 三 <em>条</em> 鱼 <span class="pinyin">sān <em>tiáo</em> yú</span><span class="trans">three fish</span>
 
* 三 <em>条</em> 鱼 <span class="pinyin">sān <em>tiáo</em> yú</span><span class="trans">three fish</span>
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* 四 <em>杯</em> 啤酒 <span class="pinyin">sì <em>bēi</em> píjiǔ</span><span class="trans">four glasses of beer</span>
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* 四 <em>杯</em> 牛奶 <span class="pinyin">sì <em>bēi</em> niúnǎi</span><span class="trans">four glasses of milk</span>
 
* 五 <em>瓶</em> 水 <span class="pinyin">wǔ <em>píng</em> shuǐ</span><span class="trans">five bottles of water</span>
 
* 五 <em>瓶</em> 水 <span class="pinyin">wǔ <em>píng</em> shuǐ</span><span class="trans">five bottles of water</span>
 
* 六 <em>块</em> 巧克力 <span class="pinyin">liù <em>kuài</em> qiǎokèlì</span><span class="trans">six pieces of chocolate</span>
 
* 六 <em>块</em> 巧克力 <span class="pinyin">liù <em>kuài</em> qiǎokèlì</span><span class="trans">six pieces of chocolate</span>
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* 一 <em>条</em> 龙 <span class="pinyin">yī <em>tiáo</em> lóng</span><span class="trans">a dragon</span>
 
* 一 <em>条</em> 龙 <span class="pinyin">yī <em>tiáo</em> lóng</span><span class="trans">a dragon</span>
 
* 一 <em>条</em> 鱼 <span class="pinyin">yī <em>tiáo</em> yú</span><span class="trans">a fish</span>
 
* 一 <em>条</em> 鱼 <span class="pinyin">yī <em>tiáo</em> yú</span><span class="trans">a fish</span>
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* 一 <em>条</em> 短信 <span class="pinyin">yī <em>tiáo</em> duǎnxìn</span><span class="trans">a short message</span>
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* 一 <em>条</em> 短信 <span class="pinyin">yī <em>tiáo</em> duǎnxìn</span><span class="trans">a text (message)</span>
  
 
</div>
 
</div>
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<div class="liju">
 
<div class="liju">
  
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* 一 <strong>块</strong> <em>巧克力</em><span class="pinyin">yī <strong>kuài</strong> <em>qiǎokèlì</em></span><span class="trans">a piece of chocolate</span>
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* 一 <em>块</em> <strong>巧克力</strong> <span class="pinyin">yī <em>kuài</em> <strong>qiǎokèlì</strong> </span><span class="trans">a piece of chocolate</span>
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* 一 <strong>盒</strong> <em>巧克力</em><span class="pinyin">yī <strong>hé</strong> <em>qiǎokèlì</em></span><span class="trans">a box of chocolate</span>
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* 一 <em>盒</em><strong>巧克力</strong> <span class="pinyin">yī <em>hé</em> <strong>qiǎokèlì</strong> </span><span class="trans">a box of chocolate</span>
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* 一 <strong>颗</strong> <em>巧克力</em><span class="pinyin">yī <strong>kē</strong> <em>qiǎokèlì</em></span><span class="trans">a small piece of chocolate</span>
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* 一 <em>颗</em> <strong>巧克力</strong> <span class="pinyin">yī <em>kē</em> <strong>qiǎokèlì</strong> </span><span class="trans">a small piece of chocolate</span>
  
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
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==See also==
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== See Also ==
 
*[[Measure words for verbs]]
 
*[[Measure words for verbs]]
 
*[[Measure words to differentiate]]
 
*[[Measure words to differentiate]]
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=== Books ===
 
=== Books ===
  
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* [[Basic Patterns of Chinese Grammar]] (p. 33) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1933330899/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399373&creativeASIN=1933330899 →buy]
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{{Source|Basic Patterns of Chinese Grammar|33}}
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* [[Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (3rd ed)]] (pp. 232-3) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0887276385/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399369&creativeASIN=0887276385 →buy]
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{{Source|Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (3rd ed)|232-3}}
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* [[New Practical Chinese Reader 1 (新实用汉语课本1)]] (pp. 104-5) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/7561910401/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399369&creativeASIN=7561910401 →buy]
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{{Source|New Practical Chinese Reader 1 (新实用汉语课本1)|104-5}}
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* [[New Practical Chinese Reader 1 (新实用汉语课本1)(2nd ed)]] (p. 122) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/7561926235/ref%3das_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399373&creativeASIN=7561926235 →buy]
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{{Source|New Practical Chinese Reader 1 (新实用汉语课本1)(2nd ed)|122}}
  
 
[[Category:A2 grammar points]]
 
[[Category:A2 grammar points]]
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{{HSK|HSK2}}{{2021-HSK|HSK2}}
 
[[Category:Measure words]]
 
[[Category:Measure words]]
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{{Basic Grammar|个|A2|Number + MW + Noun|一 <em>个</em> 人。一 <em>杯</em> 水。|grammar point|ASG64BTE}}
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{{Basic Grammar|个|A2|Number + Measure Word + Noun|一 <em>个</em> 人。一 <em>杯</em> 水。|grammar point|ASG64BTE}}
 
{{Similar|Measure Words for Verbs}}   
 
{{Similar|Measure Words for Verbs}}   
 
{{Similar|Measure words to differentiate}}
 
{{Similar|Measure words to differentiate}}

Latest revision as of 08:54, 21 April 2021

Chinese uses measure words, a type of word called classifiers in linguistics which are common in East Asian languages. Measure words have a number of important uses, but one of the first ways you'll need to use them is for counting. Chinese learners should master them, starting with the measure word 个 (gè).

Structure

Whenever you talk about the quantity of something in Chinese, you need a measure word.

Number + Measure Word + Noun

English does actually have measure words, it's just that most nouns usually don't need them. In English, most nouns are count nouns - they specify one instance of something. "An apple," for example. Some nouns are mass nouns and refer to something without specifying how much of it there is. Examples are "furniture," "paper," "water," etc. You can't say "a furniture"; you need a measure word: "a piece of furniture," "two sheets of paper," "three glasses of water," and so on.

In Chinese, all nouns are mass nouns so they all need measure words. Just as in English, different nouns are associated with different measure words (e.g. it wouldn't make sense to talk about "a glass of furniture" unless something went horribly wrong in the factory).

Examples

  • 一 个 人 yī gè réna person
  • 两 只 猫 liǎng zhī māotwo cats
  • 三 条 鱼 sān tiáo yúthree fish
  • 四 杯 牛奶 sì bēi niúnǎifour glasses of milk
  • 五 瓶 水 wǔ píng shuǐfive bottles of water
  • 六 块 巧克力 liù kuài qiǎokèlìsix pieces of chocolate
  • 七 盒 茶叶 qī hé cháyèseven boxes of tea leaves
  • 八 台 电脑 bā tái diànnǎoeight computers
  • 九 支 玫瑰 jiǔ zhī méiguīnine roses
  • 十 个 美女 shí gè měinǚten beautiful women

Also remember that there isn't a one-to-one relationship between nouns and measure words. One measure word can be used with several different nouns:

  • 一 条 狗 yī tiáo gǒua dog
  • 一 条 河 yī tiáo héa river
  • 一 条 路 yī tiáo lùa road
  • 一 条 龙 yī tiáo lónga dragon
  • 一 条 鱼 yī tiáo yúa fish
  • 一 条 短信 yī tiáo duǎnxìna text (message)

And one noun can take different measure words in different situations:

  • 一 块 巧克力 yī kuài qiǎokèlì a piece of chocolate
  • 一 盒巧克力 yī hé qiǎokèlì a box of chocolate
  • 一 颗 巧克力 yī kē qiǎokèlì a small piece of chocolate

See Also

Sources and further reading

Websites

Books

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