Difference between revisions of "Comparing "gang" and "gangcai""

 
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{{Grammar Box}}  
 
{{Grammar Box}}  
  
刚 (gāng) and 刚才 (gāngcái) are similar, but they have somewhat different uses.
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刚 (gāng) and 刚才 (gāngcái) have similar meanings of "[[just]] (now)," but they differ on a few key uses.
  
== Both Come Before the Verb, But Have Different Emphasis ==
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== 刚 as "Just Happened" ==
  
=== 刚 emphasizes something "just" happened ===
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is actually an [[adverb]], and it is placed in front of the verb. It emphasizes that the action ''just'' happened a short time ago. Unsurprisingly, it is similar to the English "just." 刚刚 and 刚 are interchangeable in this case.
  
"" is actually an adverb, and it is placed in front of the verb. It emphasizes that the action ''just'' happened a short time ago. It is similar to the English "just."
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The key here is that "a short time ago" is relative and determined by the speaker. For this reason, 刚 can indicate that something "just" happened 1 second ago, 5 minutes ago, 2 hours ago, 3 weeks ago, or even a year ago. The absolute time is flexible, but from the speaker's perspective, it ''feels'' recent.
  
The key here is that a short time ago is relative, and determined by the speaker.  For this reason, can indicate that something "just" happened 1 second ago, 5 minutes ago, 2 hours ago, 3 weeks ago, or even a year ago.  The absolute time is flexible, but from the speaker's perspective, it ''feels'' recent.
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=== Before a Verb ===
  
==== Structure ====
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One thing that confuses a lot of learners is that when you use 刚 with a verb, ''you normally don't need 了''. Keep that in mind while reading the following examples, and look for the explanation below.
  
<div class="jiegou">
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A few examples:
刚 + Verb
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</div>
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<div class="liju">
  
==== Examples ====
+
<ul>
 +
<li class="o">他 <em>刚</em> 到 。<span class="expl">This gives the impression that not only did he just get here, but he should still be here.</span><span class="pinyin">Tā <em>gāng</em> dào.</span><span class="trans">He just arrived.</span>
 +
<li class="o">我们 昨天 <em>刚</em> 到 。<span class="pinyin">Wǒmen zuótiān <em>gāng</em> dào.</span><span class="trans">We just arrived yesterday.</span>
 +
<li class="o">真 不巧 ,老板 <em>刚</em> 走 。<span class="pinyin">Zhēn bùqiǎo, lǎobǎn <em>gāng</em> zǒu.</span><span class="trans">What bad timing. The boss just left.</span>
 +
</ul>
  
<div class="liju">
 
* 他 <em>刚</em> 来。<span class="expl">This gives the impression that not only did he just get here, but he should still be here.</span><span class="pinyin">Tā <em>gāng</em> lái. </span> <span class="trans">He just came.</span>
 
* 我 昨天 <em>刚</em> 看到 他 。 <span class="pinyin">Wǒ zuótiān <em>gāng</em> kàndào tā. </span> <span class="trans">I just saw him yesterday.</span>
 
* 我 <em>刚</em> 说过 , 不 想 再 说 一 遍 。 <span class="pinyin">Wǒ zuótiān <em>gāng</em> kàn dào tā.</span> <span class="trans">I just said it, and I don't want to say it again.</span>
 
* 我们 去年 <em>刚</em> 去 过 美国 。<span class="expl">This "just" is relative, clearly. The speaker feels that a year ago isn't too long ago.</span><span class="pinyin">Wǒmen qùnián <em>gāng</em> qù guo Měiguó. </span><span class="trans">We've just been to the United States last year.</span>
 
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
=== 刚才 emphasizes "just now" ===
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It would be wrong to use 刚才 instead:
  
刚才 is a [[time noun]] (like 今天 and 现在), and it expresses that the time that has passed is really short, in near-absolute terms.  We're talking no more than 1-30 minutes, in most situations. If it is placed before the verb, it emphasizes what happened in the time that has just passed. It is similar to the English "'''just now'''."
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<div class="liju">
  
==== Structure ====
+
<ul>
 +
<li class="x">他 <em>刚才</em> 到 。<span class="pinyin">Tā <em>gāngcái</em> dào.</span></li>
 +
<li class="x">我们 昨天 <em>刚才</em> 到 。<span class="expl">刚才 should be used for events a lot closer in time than 昨天.</span><span class="pinyin">Wǒmen zuótiān <em>gāngcái</em> dào.</span></li>
 +
<li class="x">真 不巧 ,老板 <em>刚才</em> 走 。<span class="pinyin">Zhēn bùqiǎo, lǎobǎn <em>gāngcái</em> zǒu.</span></li>
 +
</ul>
  
<div class="jiegou">
 
刚才 + Verb
 
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
==== Examples ====
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And if you mean to say "when I first arrived in Shanghai," use 刚 instead of 刚才:
  
 
<div class="liju">
 
<div class="liju">
* 他 <em>刚才</em> 来 过。 <span class="expl">In this case, he's come and gone already. He's not here anymore. </span><span class="pinyin">Tā <em> gāngcái</em> lái guo. </span><span class="trans">He came just now. </span>
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*我 <em></em> 到 上海 的 时候 ,谁 都 认识 。<span class="pinyin">Wǒ <em>gāng</em> dào Shànghǎi de shíhou, shéi dōu rènshi.</span><span class="trans">I didn't know anyone when I had just arrived in Shanghai.</span>
* 我 <em>刚才</em> 看到 他 了。<span class="expl">Sounds like he's not here anymore; I just saw him, but don't see him now.</span><span class="pinyin">Wǒ <em> gāngcái</em> kàndào tā le.</span> <span class="trans">I just now saw him.</span>
 
* 我 <em>刚才</em> 看 过 了 , 想 再 看 了 。<span class="pinyin">Wǒ <em>gāngcái</em> kàn guo le, bù xiǎng zài kàn le.</span> <span class="trans">I saw it just now, and I don't want to see it again.</span>
 
* 我 现在 感觉 比 <em>刚才</em> 好 一点 。 <span class="pinyin">Wǒ xiànzài gǎnjué bǐ <em>gāngcái</em> hǎo yīdiǎn. </span> <span class="trans">I feel a little better now than just before. </span>
 
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
== 刚才 can be used as an attribute while 刚 cannot==
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=== 刚 or 刚刚 Before an Adjective ===
  
刚才 can also directly modify a noun to indicate it is that one from "just now" or "just before."
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刚, as an adverb, can also be placed in front of an adjective, while 刚才 can't be used this way. 刚 can also be used interchangeably with 刚刚.
  
=== Structure ===
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A few examples:
 +
 
 +
<div class="liju">
 +
 
 +
*他 的 感冒 <em>刚刚</em> 好 。<span class="pinyin">Tā de gǎnmào <em>gānggāng</em> hǎo.</span><span class="trans">He just recovered from his cold.</span>
 +
*天 <em>刚</em> 晴 。<span class="pinyin">Tiān <em>gāng</em> qíng.</span><span class="trans">The sky just became clear.</span>
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*牛肉 <em>刚</em> 熟 。 <span class="pinyin">Niúròu <em>gāng</em> shú.</span><span class="trans">The beef just got cooked.</span>
  
<div class="jiegou">
 
刚才 + 的 + Noun
 
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
=== Examples ===
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== 刚才 as "Just Now" ==
  
<div class="liju">
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刚才 is a [[time noun]] (like 今天 and 现在), and it expresses that the time elapsed is really short, in near-absolute terms.  We're talking no more than 1-30 minutes in most situations, and often less than 5 minutes. When used before a verb, 刚才 emphasizes something happened "''just now''."
<ul>
 
<li class="o"><em>刚才</em> <strong>的 事情</strong> 太 让 人 生气 了。<span class="pinyin"><em>Gāngcái</em> <strong>de shìqing</strong> tài ràng rén shēngqì le. </span><span class="trans">What just happened really made people angry.</span></li>
 
<li class="x"><em>刚</em> <strong>的 事情</strong> 太 让 人 生气 了。<span class="pinyin"><em>Gāng</em> <strong>de shìqing</strong> tài ràng rén shēngqì le. </span><span class="trans">Just thing really makes people angry.</span></li>
 
</ul>
 
</div>
 
  
== 刚 Can Be Used with Adjectives ==
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A few examples:
  
刚 is an adverb, and it can also spruce up an adjective. It has the same meaning as 刚刚. (刚才 cannot do this.)
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<div class="liju">
  
=== Structure ===
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*他 <em>刚才</em> 哭 <strong>了</strong> 。<span class="expl">He was crying a moment ago but he stopped.</span><span class="pinyin">Tā <em>gāngcái</em> kū <strong>le</strong>.</span><span class="trans">He was crying just now.</span>
 +
*我 <em>刚才</em> 看到 他 <strong>了</strong> 。<span class="expl">Sounds like he's not here anymore; I just saw him, but don't see him now.</span><span class="pinyin">Wǒ <em>gāngcái</em> kàndào tā <strong>le</strong>.</span><span class="trans">I just now saw him.</span>
 +
*现在 我 感觉 比 <em>刚才</em> 好 一点 <strong>了</strong> 。<span class="pinyin">Xiànzài wǒ gǎnjué bǐ <em>gāngcái</em> hǎo yīdiǎn <strong>le</strong>.</span><span class="trans">I feel a little better now than just before.</span>
  
<div class="jiegou">
 
刚 + Adj.
 
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
=== Examples ===
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刚才, as a time noun, can directly modify a noun to indicate it is that one from "just now" or "just before," while 刚 can't be used this way.
  
 
<div class="liju">
 
<div class="liju">
  
* 天 <em>刚</em> 。 <span class="pinyin">Tiān <em>gāng</em> qíng. </span> <span class="trans">The sky just cleared up.</span>
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<ul>
* 这些 <em>刚</em> 好 。 <span class="pinyin">Zhèxiē <em>gāng</em> hǎo. </span> <span class="trans">These are just right.</span>
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<li class="x"><em>刚</em> <strong>的 事情</strong> 太 让 人 生气 了 。<span class="pinyin"><em>Gāng</em> <strong>de shìqing</strong> tài ràng rén shēngqì le.</span><span class="trans">What just happened is really upsetting.</span></li>
* 面包 <em></em> 熟 , 过 一会儿 再 吃 。 <span class="pinyin">Miànbāo <em>gāng</em> shóu, guò yīhuìr zài chī. </span> <span class="trans">The bread just got done cooking. Eat in a little bit. </span>
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<li class="o"><em>刚才</em> <strong>的 事情</strong> 太 让 人 生气 了 。<span class="pinyin"><em>Gāngcái</em> <strong>de shìqing</strong> tài ràng rén shēngqì le.</span><span class="trans">What just happened is really upsetting.</span></li>
 +
</ul>
  
 
</div>
 
</div>
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== 刚 and 刚才 with 了 ==
 
== 刚 and 刚才 with 了 ==
  
You may have noticed that something interesting is going on with regards to [[了]] in the sentences with 刚 and 刚才. Namely, 了 is not usually required in sentences with 刚, but it is usually required in sentences with 刚才. This is because 刚才 refers to a time in the recent past, and you're usually indicated that something happened just now (started and finished).
+
You may have noticed that something interesting is going on with regards to [[了]] in the sentences with 刚 and 刚才. Namely, 了 is not usually required in sentences with 刚, but it is usually required in sentences with 刚才. This is because 刚才 refers to a time in the ''recent past'', and you're usually indicated that something ''happened just now'' (started and finished).
  
 
Take these sentences for example:
 
Take these sentences for example:
  
 
<div class="liju">
 
<div class="liju">
* 我 昨天 了 。<span class="trans">I bought it yesterday.</span>
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*我 昨天 了 。<span class="pinyin">Wǒ zuótiān kàn le.</span><span class="trans">I looked at it yesterday.</span>
* 我 刚才 了 。<span class="trans">I bought it just now.</span>
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*我 <em>刚才</em> 看 了 。<span class="pinyin">Wǒ gāngcái kàn le.</span><span class="trans">I looked at it just now.</span>
* 我 明天 买 。<span class="trans">I'll buy it tomorrow.</span>
 
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
So these are all simple time "noun + verb" sentences. Notice that when they refer to the ''past'' (including the one with 刚才), the action is completed and you need 了. You don't need 了 for things that haven't happened yet (they're just plans, and nothing is completed). And remember that 刚才 ''always refers to the past''.
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So these are both simple "subject + verb" sentences. Notice that when they refer to the ''past'' (including the one with 刚才), the action is completed and you need 了. You don't need 了 for things that haven't happened yet (they're just plans, and nothing is completed). And remember that 刚才 ''always refers to the past.''
 +
 
 +
OK, now what about 刚? ''Why does it not need 了?'' The key is that you don't need a 了 in a sentence with 刚 if the verb ''already indicates a clear result''. So, to use the 看 example from above:
 +
 
 +
<div class="liju">
 +
 
 +
<ul>
 +
<li class="o">我 <em>刚</em> <strong>看到</strong> 。<span class="expl">Adding a 到 to 看 gives the verb a meaning of the result of "looking at."</span><span class="pinyin">Wǒ <em>gāng</em> <strong>kàndào</strong>.</span><span class="trans">I just saw it.</span></li>
 +
<li class="x">我 <em>刚</em> 看到 <strong>了</strong> 。<span class="expl">了 is not needed here as 看到 includes the result of "looking at."</span><span class="pinyin">Wǒ <em>gāng</em> kàndào <strong>le</strong>.</span><span class="trans">I just saw it.</span></li>
 +
<li class="o">我 <em>刚才</em> 看到 <strong>了</strong> 。<span class="expl">了 is needed with 刚才 because it feels so recent and unresolved.</span><span class="pinyin">Wǒ <em>gāngcái</em> kàndào <strong>le</strong>.</span><span class="trans">I saw it just now.</span></li>
 +
</ul>
  
OK, now what about 刚?  Why does it not need 了?
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</div>
  
The key is that you don't need a 了 in a sentence with 刚 if the verb indicates a clear result.  So, to use the 买 example from above:
+
A few more examples:
  
 
<div class="liju">
 
<div class="liju">
 +
 
<ul>
 
<ul>
<li class="x">我 <em>刚</em> <strong></strong> 。<span class="expl">The verb 买 is kind of like "try to buy"; there is no clear indication of result.</span><span class="trans">I just buy it.</span></li>
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<li class="o">我 <em>刚</em> <strong></strong> 。<span class="expl">The verb 到 includes a clear result.</span><span class="pinyin"><em>gāng</em> <strong>dào</strong>.</span><span class="trans">I just arrived.</span></li>
<li class="o">我 <em>刚</em> <strong>买到</strong> 。<span class="expl">Adding to the verb gives a clear indication of result.</span><span class="trans">I just bought it.</span></li>
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<li class="o">你 <em>刚</em> <strong>知道</strong> 吗 ?<span class="expl">The verb 知道 always includes the result of "knowing."</span><span class="pinyin"><em>gāng</em>
<li class="o"><em></em> <strong>买 了</strong> 。<span class="expl">Adding 了 after the verb also gives a clear indication of result.</span><span class="trans">I just bought it.</span></li>
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<strong>zhīdào</strong> ma?</span><span class="trans">You just found out?</span></li>
<li class="o">你 <em>刚</em> <strong>知道</strong> 吗 ? <span class="expl">The verb 知道 always includes the result of "knowing".</span><span class="trans">You also just found out?</span></li>
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<li class="o">宝宝 <em>刚</em> <strong></strong> 。<span class="pinyin">Bǎobao <em>gāng</em> <strong>xǐng</strong>.</span><span class="expl">The verb 醒 includes a clear enough indication of result.</span><span class="trans">The baby just woke up.</span></li>
<li class="x">妈妈 <em></em> <strong></strong> 。<span class="expl">No clear indication of result.</span><span class="trans">Mom just look.</span></li>
 
<li class="o">妈妈 <em>刚</em> <strong>看到</strong> 。<span class="expl">Adding 到 to the verb gives a clear indication of result.</span><span class="trans">Mom just saw it.</span></li>
 
<li class="o">妈妈 <em></em> <strong>看 了</strong> <span class="expl">Adding 了 to the verb gives a clear indication of result.</span><span class="trans">Mom just looked at it.</span></li>
 
 
</ul>
 
</ul>
 +
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
 
== 刚 and 刚才 with 没 ==
 
== 刚 and 刚才 with 没 ==
  
OK, so there's also something going on with [[没]] in sentences with 刚 and 刚才. The deal here is that you can say something ''didn't happen '''just now''''' (刚才), but you can't say that something '''''just''' didn't happen'' (刚). [Saying that something "just didn't happen" only works in English if you interpret "just" to mean "simply."]
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There's also something going on with [[没]] in sentences with 刚 and 刚才. The deal here is that you can say something ''didn't happen '''just now''''' (刚才), but you can't say that something '''''just''' didn't happen'' (刚). [Saying that something "just didn't happen" only works in English if you interpret "just" to mean "simply."]
  
The takeaway? Just don't use 刚 in sentences where you use 没 to negate the past.
+
The takeaway? Just don't use 刚 in sentences where you use 没 to negate the past.
  
 
<div class="liju">
 
<div class="liju">
 +
 
<ul>
 
<ul>
<li class="x">我 <em>刚</em> <strong>没 </strong> 。<span class="expl">Don't use 刚 with 没 in the past.</span><span class="trans">I just didn't go.</span></li>
+
<li class="x">我 <em>刚</em> <strong>没</strong> 看到 <span class="pinyin">Wǒ <em>gāng</em> <strong>méi</strong> kàndào.</span><span class="expl">Don't use 刚 with 没 in the past.</span><span class="trans">I just didn't see it.</span></li>
<li class="o">我 <em>刚才</em> <strong>没 </strong> 。<span class="expl">It's fine to use 刚才 with 没 in the past.</span><span class="trans">I didn't go just now.</span></li>
+
<li class="x">我 <em></em> <strong>没</strong> 听懂 。<span class="pinyin">Wǒ <em>gāng</em> <strong>méi</strong> tīngdǒng.</span><span class="trans">I didn't understand just now.</span></li>
 +
</ul>
  
<li class="x">她 <em>刚</em> <strong>没 问</strong> 我 这个 问题 。<span class="expl">Don't use 刚 with 没 in the past.</span><span class="trans">She just didn't ask me this question.</span></li>
+
</div>
<li class="o">她 <em>刚才</em> <strong>没 问</strong> 我 这个 问题 。<span class="expl">It's fine to use 刚才 with 没 in the past.</span><span class="trans">She didn't ask me this question just now.</span></li>
 
  
<li class="x">我 <em>刚</em> <strong>喝</strong> 你的 啤酒 。<span class="expl">Don't use 刚 with 没 in the past.</span><span class="trans">I just didn't drink your beer.</span></li>
+
Use 没 with 刚才 (and no 了) to negate the past.
<li class="o">我 <em>刚才</em> <strong>没 喝</strong> 你的 啤酒 。<span class="expl">It's fine to use 刚才 with 没 in the past.</span><span class="trans">I didn't drink your beer just now.</span></li>
 
  
<li class="x">我 <em>刚</em> <strong>不 知道</strong> 。<span class="expl">OK, so it's not 没, but you still shouldn't use 刚 for something that didn't happen.</span><span class="trans">I just didn't know.</span></li>
+
<div class="liju">
<li class="o">我 <em>刚才</em> <strong>不 知道</strong> 。<span class="expl">It's fine to use 刚才 with exceptions where you use 不 in the past.</span><span class="trans">Just now I didn't know.</span></li>
 
  
 +
<ul>
 +
<li class="o">我 <em>刚才</em> <strong>没</strong> 看到 。<span class="pinyin">Wǒ <em>gāngcái</em> <strong>méi</strong> kàndào.</span><span class="trans">I didn't see it just now.</span></li>
 +
<li class="o">我 <em>刚才</em> <strong>没</strong> 听懂 。<span class="pinyin">Wǒ <em>gāngcái</em> <strong>méi</strong> tīngdǒng.</span><span class="trans">I didn't understand just now.</span></li>
 
</ul>
 
</ul>
 +
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
For that last pair of sentences, if you're not clear why it's OK to use [[不]] with 知道 in the past, go ahead and check out our article on [[comparing "bu" and "mei"|the differences between 不 and 没]].  It goes beyond the basics into some of the trickier scenarios.
+
== Example Dialog ==
  
== Right or Wrong ==
+
<div class="liju">
  
=== Examples ===
+
<ul class="dialog">
 
+
<li><span class="speaker">A:</span> <em>刚才</em> 去 哪儿 <span class="pinyin"><em>gāngcái</em> qù nǎr le?</span><span class="trans">Where did you go just now?</span></li>
<div class="liju">
+
<li><span class="speaker">B:</span> 我 去 上 厕所 了 。<em>刚</em> 回来 。<span class="pinyin">Wǒ qù shàng cèsuǒ le. <em>Gāng</em> huílái.</span><span class="trans">I went to the bathroom. I just got back.</span></li>
<ul>
 
<li class="x">我 <em>刚才</em> 回家。<span class="expl">You should use 了 with 刚才 here.</span><span class="trans">I just now go home.</span></li>
 
<li class="o">我 <em>刚</em> 回家。<span class="expl">The verb 回 includes a clear enough indication of result.</span><span class="trans">I just got home.</span></li>
 
<li class="x">我 <em>刚</em> 没 想好 吃 什么,现在 我 想好 了。<span class="expl">刚 doesn't work with 没.</span><span class="trans">I just didn't make up my mind what to eat, now I've made up my mind.</span></li>
 
<li class="o">我 <em>刚才</em> 没 想好 吃 什么,现在 我 想好 了。<span class="expl">No need to use with 没.</span><span class="trans">Just now, I hadn't made up my mind what to eat, now I've made up my mind.</span></li>
 
<li class="o">他 <em>刚才</em> 没 听懂 我的 话 。<span class="expl">No need to use 了 with 没.</span><span class="trans">He didn't understand what I said just now.</span></li>
 
<li class="x">他 <em>刚</em> 没 听懂我的话。<span class="expl">刚 doesn't work with 没.</span><span class="trans">He just didn't understand what I said.</span></li>
 
<li class="o">我 也 是 <em>刚</em> 听说 这 个 消息。<span class="expl">The verb 听说 includes a clear enough indication of result.</span><span class="trans">I also just heard this news.</span></li>
 
<li class="o">我 <em>刚才</em> 听说 了 这 个 消息。<span class="expl">You should use 了 with 刚才 here.</span><span class="trans">I heard this news just now.</span></li>
 
<li class="x">昨天 他 <em>刚才</em> 来 过。<span class="expl">刚才 should be used for events a lot closer in time than 昨天.</span><span class="trans">He just now came yesterday.</span></li>
 
<li class="o">昨天 他 <em>刚</em> 来 过。<span class="expl">刚 works with 昨天.</span><span class="trans">He just came yesterday.</span></li>
 
 
</ul>
 
</ul>
</div>
 
  
== Example dialog ==
 
 
<div class="liju">
 
* A: 你 <em>刚才</em> 去 哪儿 了?<span class="trans">Where did you go just now?</span>
 
* B: 我  <em>刚</em> 上 完 厕所。<span class="trans">I just got done in the bathroom.</span>
 
* A: 那 你 不 知道 <em>刚才</em> 的 事情 吧?<span class="trans">Then you don't know what happened just now?</span>
 
* B: 是 不 是 有人 吵架 了?<span class="trans">Did some people have an argument?</span>
 
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
== See Also ==
+
== See also ==
  
 
*[["Just now" with "gangcai"]]  
 
*[["Just now" with "gangcai"]]  
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=== Books ===
 
=== Books ===
  
*[[现代汉语八百词(增订本)]] (刚 p.216) [http://www.amazon.cn/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E5%85%AB%E7%99%BE%E8%AF%8D/dp/B001198GSW/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1345693275&sr=8-1 →buy]
+
{{Source|HSK Standard Course 3|50}}
*[[现代汉语虚词例释]](刚 p.190) [http://www.amazon.cn/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E5%85%AB%E7%99%BE%E8%AF%8D/dp/B004323J90/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1345693275&sr=8-1 →buy]
+
{{Source|现代汉语八百词(增订本)|216}}
*[[现代汉语八百词(增订本)]] (刚才 p.217) [http://www.amazon.cn/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E5%85%AB%E7%99%BE%E8%AF%8D/dp/B001198GSW/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1345693275&sr=8-1 →buy]
+
{{Source|现代汉语虚词例释|190}}
*[[对外汉语教学语法释疑201例]] (p.28) [http://www.amazon.cn/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E5%85%AB%E7%99%BE%E8%AF%8D/dp/B001198GSW/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1345693275&sr=8-1 →buy]
+
{{Source|现代汉语八百词(增订本)|217}}
* [[Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed)]] (pp. 40- 2) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0887276709/ref%3das_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399369&creativeASIN=0887276709 →buy]
+
{{Source|对外汉语教学语法释疑201例|28}}
*[[卓越汉语-公司实战篇]] (p. 239) [http://www.amazon.cn/%E5%8D%93%E8%B6%8A%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD-%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E5%AE%9E%E6%88%98%E7%AF%87-%E8%83%A1%E7%81%B5%E5%9D%87/dp/B003QZWQ6M/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1347863170&sr=8-1 →buy]
+
{{Source|Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed)|40- 2}}
 +
{{Source|卓越汉语-公司实战篇|239}}
  
 
=== Dictionaries ===
 
=== Dictionaries ===
* [[现代汉语词典(第5版)]] (p.446) [http://www.amazon.cn/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8/dp/B001B1RZCI/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1345693609&sr=8-1 →buy]
+
 
 +
{{Source|HSK Standard Course 4上|6}}
 +
{{Source|现代汉语词典(第5版)|446}}
  
 
[[Category:grammar comparison]]
 
[[Category:grammar comparison]]
{{Basic Grammar|刚|B1|刚 vs 刚才|你 <em>刚才</em> 去 哪儿 了?我  <em>刚</em> 上 完 厕所。|grammar point|ASGJFFWG}}
+
{{HSK|HSK3}}
 +
{{HSK|HSK4}}
 +
{{Basic Grammar|刚|B1|刚 vs. 刚才|你 <em>刚才</em> 去 哪儿 了?我  <em>刚</em> 回来 。|grammar point|ASGJFFWG}}
 
{{Rel char|刚才}}
 
{{Rel char|刚才}}
 
{{Similar|"Just now" with "gangcai"}}
 
{{Similar|"Just now" with "gangcai"}}
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{{Used for|Expressing time and date}}
 
{{Used for|Expressing time and date}}
 
{{Translation|just}}
 
{{Translation|just}}
{{Comparison|Time Words}}
+
{{Translation|just now}}
 +
{{Comparison|Adverbs}}

Latest revision as of 00:21, 14 April 2023

刚 (gāng) and 刚才 (gāngcái) have similar meanings of "just (now)," but they differ on a few key uses.

刚 as "Just Happened"

刚 is actually an adverb, and it is placed in front of the verb. It emphasizes that the action just happened a short time ago. Unsurprisingly, it is similar to the English "just." 刚刚 and 刚 are interchangeable in this case.

The key here is that "a short time ago" is relative and determined by the speaker. For this reason, 刚 can indicate that something "just" happened 1 second ago, 5 minutes ago, 2 hours ago, 3 weeks ago, or even a year ago. The absolute time is flexible, but from the speaker's perspective, it feels recent.

刚 Before a Verb

One thing that confuses a lot of learners is that when you use 刚 with a verb, you normally don't need 了. Keep that in mind while reading the following examples, and look for the explanation below.

A few examples:

  • 到 。This gives the impression that not only did he just get here, but he should still be here.gāng dào.He just arrived.
  • 我们 昨天 到 。Wǒmen zuótiān gāng dào.We just arrived yesterday.
  • 真 不巧 ,老板 走 。Zhēn bùqiǎo, lǎobǎn gāng zǒu.What bad timing. The boss just left.

It would be wrong to use 刚才 instead:

  • 刚才 到 。gāngcái dào.
  • 我们 昨天 刚才 到 。刚才 should be used for events a lot closer in time than 昨天.Wǒmen zuótiān gāngcái dào.
  • 真 不巧 ,老板 刚才 走 。Zhēn bùqiǎo, lǎobǎn gāngcái zǒu.

And if you mean to say "when I first arrived in Shanghai," use 刚 instead of 刚才:

  • 到 上海 的 时候 ,谁 都 不 认识 。gāng dào Shànghǎi de shíhou, shéi dōu bù rènshi.I didn't know anyone when I had just arrived in Shanghai.

刚 or 刚刚 Before an Adjective

刚, as an adverb, can also be placed in front of an adjective, while 刚才 can't be used this way. 刚 can also be used interchangeably with 刚刚.

A few examples:

  • 他 的 感冒 刚刚 好 。Tā de gǎnmào gānggāng hǎo.He just recovered from his cold.
  • 晴 。Tiān gāng qíng.The sky just became clear.
  • 牛肉 熟 。 Niúròu gāng shú.The beef just got cooked.

刚才 as "Just Now"

刚才 is a time noun (like 今天 and 现在), and it expresses that the time elapsed is really short, in near-absolute terms. We're talking no more than 1-30 minutes in most situations, and often less than 5 minutes. When used before a verb, 刚才 emphasizes something happened "just now."

A few examples:

  • 刚才He was crying a moment ago but he stopped.gāngcáile.He was crying just now.
  • 刚才 看到 他 Sounds like he's not here anymore; I just saw him, but don't see him now.gāngcái kàndào tā le.I just now saw him.
  • 现在 我 感觉 比 刚才 好 一点 Xiànzài wǒ gǎnjué bǐ gāngcái hǎo yīdiǎn le.I feel a little better now than just before.

刚才, as a time noun, can directly modify a noun to indicate it is that one from "just now" or "just before," while 刚 can't be used this way.

  • 的 事情 太 让 人 生气 了 。Gāng de shìqing tài ràng rén shēngqì le.What just happened is really upsetting.
  • 刚才 的 事情 太 让 人 生气 了 。Gāngcái de shìqing tài ràng rén shēngqì le.What just happened is really upsetting.

刚 and 刚才 with 了

You may have noticed that something interesting is going on with regards to in the sentences with 刚 and 刚才. Namely, 了 is not usually required in sentences with 刚, but it is usually required in sentences with 刚才. This is because 刚才 refers to a time in the recent past, and you're usually indicated that something happened just now (started and finished).

Take these sentences for example:

  • 我 昨天 看 了 。Wǒ zuótiān kàn le.I looked at it yesterday.
  • 刚才 看 了 。Wǒ gāngcái kàn le.I looked at it just now.

So these are both simple "subject + verb" sentences. Notice that when they refer to the past (including the one with 刚才), the action is completed and you need 了. You don't need 了 for things that haven't happened yet (they're just plans, and nothing is completed). And remember that 刚才 always refers to the past.

OK, now what about 刚? Why does it not need 了? The key is that you don't need a 了 in a sentence with 刚 if the verb already indicates a clear result. So, to use the 看 example from above:

  • 看到Adding a 到 to 看 gives the verb a meaning of the result of "looking at."gāng kàndào.I just saw it.
  • 看到 了 is not needed here as 看到 includes the result of "looking at."gāng kàndào le.I just saw it.
  • 刚才 看到 了 is needed with 刚才 because it feels so recent and unresolved.gāngcái kàndào le.I saw it just now.

A few more examples:

  • The verb 到 includes a clear result.gāng dào.I just arrived.
  • 知道 吗 ?The verb 知道 always includes the result of "knowing."gāng zhīdào ma?You just found out?
  • 宝宝 Bǎobao gāng xǐng.The verb 醒 includes a clear enough indication of result.The baby just woke up.

刚 and 刚才 with 没

There's also something going on with in sentences with 刚 and 刚才. The deal here is that you can say something didn't happen just now (刚才), but you can't say that something just didn't happen (刚). [Saying that something "just didn't happen" only works in English if you interpret "just" to mean "simply."]

The takeaway? Just don't use 刚 in sentences where you use 没 to negate the past.

  • 看到 。gāng méi kàndào.Don't use 刚 with 没 in the past.I just didn't see it.
  • 听懂 。gāng méi tīngdǒng.I didn't understand just now.

Use 没 with 刚才 (and no 了) to negate the past.

  • 刚才 看到 。gāngcái méi kàndào.I didn't see it just now.
  • 刚才 听懂 。gāngcái méi tīngdǒng.I didn't understand just now.

Example Dialog

  • A:刚才 去 哪儿 了 ?gāngcái qù nǎr le?Where did you go just now?
  • B: 我 去 上 厕所 了 。 回来 。Wǒ qù shàng cèsuǒ le. Gāng huílái.I went to the bathroom. I just got back.

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Dictionaries