Difference between revisions of "Result complement"
 
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{{Stub}}
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{{AKA|结果补语 (jiéguǒ bǔyǔ)|complement of result|resultative complement|result compound}}
  
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{{AKA|结果补语 (Jiēguǒ Bǔyǔ)|complement of result|resultative complement|result compound}}
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Result complements are a kind of [[Complements|verbal complement]] that appears very frequently in Chinese. Surprisingly enough, they're used to describe the result of a verb.
−
 
 
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Result complements, also known as "resultative complements" and "complements of result" in English, are called 结果补语 (literally, "result complement") in Chinese. Surprisingly enough, they're used to describe the result (or lack of) of a verb.
 
  
 
== Why result complements are necessary in Chinese ==
 
== Why result complements are necessary in Chinese ==
  
 
In English, we have separate verbs to describe actions depending on their outcome. You can look, but not see, or listen, but not hear. In Chinese, verbs tend to be of the 'look' and 'listen' variety - the result isn't included like it is in 'see' and 'hear'. So if you want to indicate the result, you have to use a result complement.
 
In English, we have separate verbs to describe actions depending on their outcome. You can look, but not see, or listen, but not hear. In Chinese, verbs tend to be of the 'look' and 'listen' variety - the result isn't included like it is in 'see' and 'hear'. So if you want to indicate the result, you have to use a result complement.
 +
 +
There are endless examples of these 'attempt' or 'procedure' verbs in Chinese which don't include an outcome. The majority of Chinese verbs are like this, in fact. Some examples:
 +
 +
* 看 means 'to look' but doesn't include the result 'to see'.
 +
* 听 means 'to listen' but doesn't include 'to hear'.
 +
* 写 is similar to the English verb 'to write', in that it doesn't specify what the result of writing was (e.g. whether it was correct or not).
 +
* 记 describes an attempt to remember, without specifying if the information was forgotten or successfully remembered.
 +
* 杀 means something like 'to try and kill', whatever the result is.
 +
 +
All of these verbs need a result complement to describe a complete action with its result.
  
 
== Forming the result complement ==
 
== Forming the result complement ==
  
 
Result complements form verbal compounds that behave exactly the same as normal verbs. The compound is formed by a verb plus another verb or an adjective:
 
Result complements form verbal compounds that behave exactly the same as normal verbs. The compound is formed by a verb plus another verb or an adjective:
 +
 +
<div class="liju">
  
 
{| class="wikitable" style="width:52em"
 
{| class="wikitable" style="width:52em"
Line 18: Line 28:
 
! Verb !! Result compound !! Explanation
 
! Verb !! Result compound !! Explanation
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 看 || 看见 || <span style="font-size:0.7em;">看 alone means 'to look'. 看见  includes  the  result  -  'to  see'</span>.
+
| 看 || 看见 || <span class="spaced">看 alone means 'to look'. 看见  includes  the  result  -  'to  see'</span>.
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 听 || 听到 || <span style="font-size:0.7em;">Again, 听 alone means 'to listen', but 听到 means 'to hear'.</span>
+
| 听 || 听到 || <span class="spaced">Again, 听 alone means 'to listen', but 听到 means 'to hear'.</span>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 写 || 对 || <span style="font-size:0.7em;">''Write'' + ''correct'' ⇒ to write something correctly</span>
+
| 写 || 写对 || <span class="spaced">''Write'' + ''correct'' ⇒ to write something correctly</span>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 学 || 会 || <span style="font-size:0.7em;">''Study'' + ''able'' ⇒ to master</span>
+
| 学 || 学会 || <span class="spaced">''Study'' + ''able'' ⇒ to master</span>
 +
|-
 +
| 洗 || 洗干净 || <span class="spaced">''Wash'' + ''clean'' ⇒ to wash something and make it clean</span>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 洗 || 洗干净 || <span style="font-size:0.7em;">''Wash'' + ''clean'' ⇒ to wash something and make it clean</span>
 
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
In each of the examples above, a compound verb has been created from a verb plus another verb or adjective. These compounds then behave exactly like other verbs. They can take objects, adverbs and be negated just like other verbs.
+
</div>
 +
 
 +
In each of the examples above, a compound verb has been created from a verb plus another verb or adjective. These verb-complement compounds behave like other verbs in terms of taking objects, being modified by adverbs and being negated.
  
 
== Negating result complements ==
 
== Negating result complements ==
Line 47: Line 60:
 
| 他 || <em>不会</em> || 做完 || 他的作业 || 。
 
| 他 || <em>不会</em> || 做完 || 他的作业 || 。
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 我 || <em>没有</em> || 认出来 || 你 || 。
+
| 我 || <em>没有</em> || 找到 || 小王 || 。
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 你 || <em>没</em> || 吃完 || 饭 || 。
+
| 他 || <em>没</em> || 吃完 || 饭 || 。
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 她 || <em>没有</em> || 考上 || 大学 || 。
 
| 她 || <em>没有</em> || 考上 || 大学 || 。
 +
|-
 
|}
 
|}
 +
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
 
== Aspect particles with result complements ==
 
== Aspect particles with result complements ==
  
−
You can also use the [[aspect particles]] 了 and 过 with result complement compound verbs, just as you would with other verbs. 了 nearly always appears with result complements, as 了 marks completed actions, and as you'd expect a result complement is usually about a completed action.
+
You can also use the [[aspect particle]]s 了 and 过 with result complement compound verbs, just as you would with other verbs. 了 nearly always appears with result complements, as 了 marks completed actions, and as you'd expect a result complement is usually about a completed action.
  
 
Conversely, you can not use the particle 着 with result compounds, as this would be nonsensical. 着 indicates that an action is ongoing - it wouldn't make sense to describe the result of an ongoing action.
 
Conversely, you can not use the particle 着 with result compounds, as this would be nonsensical. 着 indicates that an action is ongoing - it wouldn't make sense to describe the result of an ongoing action.
  
 
<div class="liju">
 
<div class="liju">
−
{| class="wikitable" style="width:33em"
+
{| class="wikitable" style="width:39em"
 
|+Result complements with aspect particles
 
|+Result complements with aspect particles
 
|-
 
|-
 
! Subject !! RC compound verb !! <em>Aspect particle</em> !! Object !!  
 
! Subject !! RC compound verb !! <em>Aspect particle</em> !! Object !!  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 我 || 看见 || <em>了</em> || 你 || 。
+
| 我 || 看到 || <em>了</em> || 你 || 。
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 我 || 看见 || <em>过</em> || 那 个 有名的 人 || 。
 
| 我 || 看见 || <em>过</em> || 那 个 有名的 人 || 。
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 我 || 听见 || <em>过</em> || 这 个 声音 || 。
+
| 我 || 听到 || <em>过</em> || 这 个 声音 || 。
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 他 || 写错 || <em>了</em> || 这 个 汉字 || 。
 
| 他 || 写错 || <em>了</em> || 这 个 汉字 || 。
 +
|-
 
|}
 
|}
 +
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
Line 89: Line 106:
 
Some examples:
 
Some examples:
  
−
<span class="liju">
+
<div class="liju">
−
* 你把你的作业做完了吗？
+
 
−
* 你看过那部电影吗？
+
* 你 把 作业 <em>做 完</em> 了 吗 ？<span class="trans">Did you finish your work?</span>
 +
* 你 <em>看 完</em> 了 那 部 电影 吗 ？<span class="trans">Did you finish watching that movie?</span>
  
−
* 谁能把‘打喷嚏’的‘嚏’写对？
+
* 谁 能 把 ‘ 打喷嚏 ’ 的 ‘ 嚏 ’ <em>写 对</em> ？<span class="trans">Who can write the "嚏" in "喷嚏"?</span>
−
* 我们刚才听到的音乐是哪个乐队的？
+
* 我们 刚才 <em>听到</em> 的 音乐 是 哪个 乐队 的 ？<span class="trans">Which band's music did we just hear?</span>
  
−
* 你有没有记住我的名字？
+
* 你 有 没有 <em>记住</em> 我的 名字？<span class="trans">Did you remember my name?</span>
−
* 他是不是我们昨天看到的人？
+
* 他 是 不 是 我们 昨天 <em>看到</em> 的 人？<span class="trans">Is that the person we saw yesterday?</span>
−
</span>
+
 
 +
</div>
  
 
== Common result complement compounds ==
 
== Common result complement compounds ==
 +
 +
Remember that a result complement can describe both intentional and unintentional results of a verb. For example, doing things correctly or incorrectly, succeeding, or breaking things can all be described with result complements.
  
 
<div class="liju">
 
<div class="liju">
−
{| class="wikitable" style="width:38em"
+
{| class="wikitable" style="width:40em"
 
|+Result complement example compounds
 
|+Result complement example compounds
 
|-
 
|-
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|-
 
|-
 
|rowspan="2"|见
 
|rowspan="2"|见
−
| 看见 || 我看见他。
+
| 看见 || <span class="liju">我 没<em>看见</em> 他 。</span>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 听见 || 我没听见他说的话。
+
| 听见 || <span class="liju">我 没 <em>听见</em> 他 说 的 话 。</span>
 
|-
 
|-
 
|rowspan="3"|到
 
|rowspan="3"|到
−
| 看到 || 他没有看到我。
+
| 看到 || <span class="liju">他 没有 <em>看到</em> 我。</span>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 听到 || 谁没听到过那个乐队的音乐？
+
| 听到 || <span class="liju">你  <em>听到</em> 什么 奇怪 的 声音 了 ？</span>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 来到 || 我刚才来到。
+
| 走到 || <span class="liju">怎么 <em>走到</em> 人民广场？</span>
 
|-
 
|-
 
|rowspan="2"|住
 
|rowspan="2"|住
−
| 记住 || 我记住你的话。
+
| 记住 || <span class="liju">我 会 <em>记住</em> 你 的 话。</span>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 抓住 || 记者应该抓住人民的注意力。
+
| 抓住 || <span class="liju">记者 应该 <em>抓住</em> 事情 的 重点 。</span>
 
|-
 
|-
 
|rowspan="2"|对
 
|rowspan="2"|对
−
| 写对 || 他什么汉字都能写对。
+
| 写对 || <span class="liju">他 什么 汉字 都 能 <em>写对</em>。</span>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 说对 || 你很复杂的句话也能说对。
+
| 说对 || <span class="liju">你 连 最 复杂 的 那 句 话 也 能 <em>说对</em>。</span>
 
|-
 
|-
 
|rowspan="2"| 错
 
|rowspan="2"| 错
−
| 写错 || 好像这句话写错了。
+
| 写错 || <span class="liju">好像  这句 话 <em>写错</em> 了 。</span>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 做错 || 我做饭的时候总是做错。
+
| 做错 || <span class="liju">我 实习 的 时候 总是 <em>做错 事情</em>。</span>
 
|-
 
|-
 
|rowspan="2"| 破
 
|rowspan="2"| 破
−
| 打破 || 谁打破了这扇窗户？
+
| 打破 || <span class="liju">是 谁 <em>打破</em> 了 这 扇 窗户 ？</span>
 +
|-
 +
| 弄破 || <span class="liju">你 把 我的 包包 <em>弄破</em> 了 。</span>
 +
|-
 +
|rowspan="2"| 着
 +
| 找着 || <span class="liju">你 <em>找着</em> 那 本 汉语 书 了 吗 ？</span>
 +
|-
 +
| 睡着 || <span class="liju">宝宝 很 晚  才 <em>睡着</em> 。</span>
 +
|-
 +
|rowspan="2"| 上
 +
| 带上 || <span class="liju">别 忘 了 <em>带上</em> 你 的 护照。</span>
 +
|-
 +
| 关上 || <span class="liju">请 把 门 <em>关上</em>。</span>
 +
|-
 +
|rowspan="2"| 完
 +
| 做完 || <span class="liju">今天 的 工作 <em>做完</em> 了 吗？</span>
 +
|-
 +
| 吃完 || <span class="liju">你 能 <em>吃完</em> 这些 米饭 吗？</span>
 +
|-
 +
|rowspan="2"| 开
 +
| 打开 || <span class="liju"> <em>打开</em> 窗户 吧，今天 不 冷 了。</span>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 弄破 || 我把我的电脑弄破了。
 
 
|}
 
|}
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
 
== Result complements in 把 sentences ==
 
== Result complements in 把 sentences ==
 +
 +
You might have noticed that quite a few of the example sentences in this article are [[Ba sentence|把 sentences]]. This is because 把 sentences and result complements work particularly well together, as they both deal with the result of an action or the disposal of an object.
 +
 +
Apart from result complements involving perception and psychological verbs, most result compounds work nicely in 把 sentences.
 +
 +
<div class="liju">
 +
 +
{| class="wikitable" style="width:33em"
 +
|+Result complements in 把 sentences
 +
|-
 +
! Subject !! <em>把</em> !! Object !! RC compound verb !!
 +
|-
 +
| 我 || <em>把</em> || 饭 || 做好 了 || 。
 +
|-
 +
| 他 || <em>把</em> || 这 个 盘子 || 打破 了 || 。
 +
|-
 +
| 她 || <em>把</em> || 这 本 书 || 写完 了 || 。
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 +
</div>
 +
 +
==See also==
 +
 +
* [[Direction complement]]
 +
* [[Degree complement]]
 +
* [[Result complement "-qilai"]]
 +
* [[Result complement "xiaqu"]]
 +
* [[Result complements "dao" and "jian"]]
  
 
== Sources and further reading ==
 
== Sources and further reading ==
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=== Books ===
 
=== Books ===
  
−
* [http://www.amazon.cn/mn/detailApp?_encoding=UTF8&tag=allset-23&linkCode=as2&asin=B001J0ADWA&camp=536&creative=3132&creativeASIN=B001J0ADWA 外国人实用汉语语法(中英文对照)] (pp. 273 - 284)
+
*[[A Practical Chinese Grammar For Foreigners (外国人实用汉语语法)]] (pp. 273 - 284) [http://www.amazon.cn/mn/detailApp?_encoding=UTF8&tag=allset-23&linkCode=as2&asin=B001J0ADWA&camp=536&creative=3132&creativeASIN=B001J0ADWA →buy]
 +
*[[Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition]] (pp. 97-9) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0415372615/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399369&creativeASIN=0415372615 →buy]
 +
*[[Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed)]] (pp. 42- 4) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0887276709/ref%3das_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399369&creativeASIN=0887276709 →buy]
 +
*[[Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1]] (pp. 152 - 153) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0887276792/ref%3das_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399369&creativeASIN=0887276792 →buy]
 +
*[[New Practical Chinese Reader 2 (新实用汉语课本2)]] (pp. 87 - 88) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/7561911297/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399369&creativeASIN=7561911297 →buy]
 +
* [[New Practical Chinese Reader 3 (新实用汉语课本3) ]] (p. 35) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/756191251X/ref%3das_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399369&creativeASIN=756191251X →buy]
 +
*[[40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课上册）]] (p. 223)[http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B001FTL8D8/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B001FTL8D8&linkCode=as2&tag=allset-20 →buy]
  
 
=== Websites ===
 
=== Websites ===
Line 154: Line 229:
 
* Mandarin Essential Grammar (Yale): [http://comet.cls.yale.edu/mandarin/content/result/grammar/result.htm The Complement of Result]
 
* Mandarin Essential Grammar (Yale): [http://comet.cls.yale.edu/mandarin/content/result/grammar/result.htm The Complement of Result]
  
 +
{{Used for|Describing actions}}
 
[[Category:Complements]]
 
[[Category:Complements]]

Latest revision as of 09:48, 27 February 2019

Also known as: 结果补语 (jiéguǒ bǔyǔ), complement of result, resultative complement and result compound.

Result complements are a kind of verbal complement that appears very frequently in Chinese. Surprisingly enough, they're used to describe the result of a verb.

Why result complements are necessary in Chinese

In English, we have separate verbs to describe actions depending on their outcome. You can look, but not see, or listen, but not hear. In Chinese, verbs tend to be of the 'look' and 'listen' variety - the result isn't included like it is in 'see' and 'hear'. So if you want to indicate the result, you have to use a result complement.

There are endless examples of these 'attempt' or 'procedure' verbs in Chinese which don't include an outcome. The majority of Chinese verbs are like this, in fact. Some examples:

  • 看 means 'to look' but doesn't include the result 'to see'.
  • 听 means 'to listen' but doesn't include 'to hear'.
  • 写 is similar to the English verb 'to write', in that it doesn't specify what the result of writing was (e.g. whether it was correct or not).
  • 记 describes an attempt to remember, without specifying if the information was forgotten or successfully remembered.
  • 杀 means something like 'to try and kill', whatever the result is.

All of these verbs need a result complement to describe a complete action with its result.

Forming the result complement

Result complements form verbal compounds that behave exactly the same as normal verbs. The compound is formed by a verb plus another verb or an adjective:

Result complement examples
Verb Result compound Explanation
看 看见 看 alone means 'to look'. 看见 includes the result - 'to see'.
听 听到 Again, 听 alone means 'to listen', but 听到 means 'to hear'.
写 写对 Write + correct ⇒ to write something correctly
学 学会 Study + able ⇒ to master
洗 洗干净 Wash + clean ⇒ to wash something and make it clean

In each of the examples above, a compound verb has been created from a verb plus another verb or adjective. These verb-complement compounds behave like other verbs in terms of taking objects, being modified by adverbs and being negated.

Negating result complements

As compound verbs formed by the result complement behave much the same as other verbs, you can easily negate them as normal using 不 or 没有.

Note that although there are many instances where using 不 with a result complement is grammatical, you don't see it as much as 没有 (remember that 不 negates verbs about the present or future, whereas 没有 is used for things in the past). This makes sense if you think about English verbs. You frequently come across things like "I didn't look" and "I'm not looking" (verbs without a result), but for verbs that include a result you tend to only come across past tense forms - "I didn't see." A sentence like "I'm not seeing" sounds unnatural in most contexts.

Result complement negation
Subject Negative RC compound verb Object
我 没有 看见 你 。
他 不会 做完 他的作业 。
我 没有 找到 小王 。
他 没 吃完 饭 。
她 没有 考上 大学 。

Aspect particles with result complements

You can also use the aspect particles 了 and 过 with result complement compound verbs, just as you would with other verbs. 了 nearly always appears with result complements, as 了 marks completed actions, and as you'd expect a result complement is usually about a completed action.

Conversely, you can not use the particle 着 with result compounds, as this would be nonsensical. 着 indicates that an action is ongoing - it wouldn't make sense to describe the result of an ongoing action.

Result complements with aspect particles
Subject RC compound verb Aspect particle Object
我 看到 了 你 。
我 看见 过 那 个 有名的 人 。
我 听到 过 这 个 声音 。
他 写错 了 这 个 汉字 。

The aspect particle comes after the result complement, as the compound can't be separated. It behaves as a single verb, and can't be divided into separate units.

Result complements and questions

You can form questions with sentences containing result complements just as you would with any other sentence:

  • With a question particle
  • With a question word
  • With positive-negative inversion

Some examples:

  • 你 把 作业 做 完 了 吗 ？Did you finish your work?
  • 你 看 完 了 那 部 电影 吗 ？Did you finish watching that movie?
  • 谁 能 把 ‘ 打喷嚏 ’ 的 ‘ 嚏 ’ 写 对 ？Who can write the "嚏" in "喷嚏"?
  • 我们 刚才 听到 的 音乐 是 哪个 乐队 的 ？Which band's music did we just hear?
  • 你 有 没有 记住 我的 名字？Did you remember my name?
  • 他 是 不 是 我们 昨天 看到 的 人？Is that the person we saw yesterday?

Common result complement compounds

Remember that a result complement can describe both intentional and unintentional results of a verb. For example, doing things correctly or incorrectly, succeeding, or breaking things can all be described with result complements.

Result complement example compounds
Result Example compounds Example sentence
见 看见 我 没看见 他 。
听见 我 没 听见 他 说 的 话 。
到 看到 他 没有 看到 我。
听到 你 听到 什么 奇怪 的 声音 了 ？
走到 怎么 走到 人民广场？
住 记住 我 会 记住 你 的 话。
抓住 记者 应该 抓住 事情 的 重点 。
对 写对 他 什么 汉字 都 能 写对。
说对 你 连 最 复杂 的 那 句 话 也 能 说对。
错 写错 好像 这句 话 写错 了 。
做错 我 实习 的 时候 总是 做错 事情。
破 打破 是 谁 打破 了 这 扇 窗户 ？
弄破 你 把 我的 包包 弄破 了 。
着 找着 你 找着 那 本 汉语 书 了 吗 ？
睡着 宝宝 很 晚 才 睡着 。
上 带上 别 忘 了 带上 你 的 护照。
关上 请 把 门 关上。
完 做完 今天 的 工作 做完 了 吗？
吃完 你 能 吃完 这些 米饭 吗？
开 打开 打开 窗户 吧，今天 不 冷 了。

Result complements in 把 sentences

You might have noticed that quite a few of the example sentences in this article are 把 sentences. This is because 把 sentences and result complements work particularly well together, as they both deal with the result of an action or the disposal of an object.

Apart from result complements involving perception and psychological verbs, most result compounds work nicely in 把 sentences.

Result complements in 把 sentences
Subject 把 Object RC compound verb
我 把 饭 做好 了 。
他 把 这 个 盘子 打破 了 。
她 把 这 本 书 写完 了 。

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Websites

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