Placement of question words

What, Where, Who, When, Why, How. These question words are one way to form questions in Chinese.

Overview

Common question words list

In English, question words are also known as wh-words, as the majority of them begin with wh:

• 什么 shénmewhat
• 哪里 、 哪儿 nǎli, nǎrwhere
• 谁 In spoken Chinese, people normally say "shéi", not "shuí"shéi (shuí)who
• 什么时候 shénme shíhouwhen
• 为什么 wèishénmewhy
• 怎么 zěnmehow

Rules

In English, question words have to be placed at the beginning of the sentence. This involves changing the word order to allow this rearrangement. In Chinese, using question words is a lot simpler. You simply place a question word in the place of the thing you want to ask about. Nothing needs to be rearranged.

So if the statement is

• 我 是 小李 。 Wǒ shì Xiǎo Lǐ.I am Xiao Li.

the question form - "who are you?" - has the same word order:

• 你 是 谁？Nǐ shì shéi?Who are you? (you are who?)

This works for whatever it is you want to ask about. The question form has the same word order as the statement form.

Expressing "what" with 什么 (shénme)

Structure

Subject + Verb + 什么 + (Noun) ?

Examples

• A: 这 是 什么？Zhè shì shénme?What is this?
• B:这 是 书。Zhè shì shū.This is a book.

• A:你 喜欢 吃 什么 菜？ Nǐ xǐhuan chī shénme cài ?What kind of food do you like?
• B:我 喜欢 吃 中国 菜。 Wǒ xǐhuan chī Zhōngguó cài.I like Chinese food.

• A:你 用 什么 手机？Nǐ yòng shénme shǒujī ?What kind of cellphone do you use?
• B:我 用 iPhone。Wǒ yòng iPhone.I use an iPhone.

• A:你 在 看 什么 书？Nǐ zài kàn shénme shū ?What kind of book are you reading?
• B:我 在 看 中文 书。Wǒ zài kàn Zhōngwén shū .I am reading a Chinese book.

• A:他 开 什么 车？Tā kāi shénme chē? What kind of car does he drive?
• B:他 开 宝马。 Tā kāi bǎomǎ.He drives BMW.

Expressing "where" with 哪里 (nǎli) / 哪儿 (nǎr)

Structure

Subject + Verb + 哪里/哪儿 ?

Examples

• A:你 在 哪里？Nǐ zài nǎli?Where are you?
• B:我 在 家 。Wǒ zài jiā.I'm at home.

• A:你 去 哪里？Nǐ qù nǎli?Where are you going?
• B:我 去 上海。Wǒ qù Shànghǎi.I'm going to Shanghai.

• A:我们 在 哪儿？Wǒmen zài nǎr?Where are we?
• B:我们 在 南京西路。Wǒmen zài Nánjīng Xī Lù.We are at West Nanjing road.

• A:你 要 去 哪儿？Nǐ yào qù nǎr?Where are you going now?
• B:我 要 去 洗手间。Wǒ yào qù xǐshǒujiān.I'm going to the bathroom.

• A:明天 你 想 去 哪儿？Míngtiān nǐ xiǎng qù nǎr?Where do you want to go tomorrow ?
• B:我 想 去 人民 公园。Wǒ xiǎng qù Rénmín Gōngyuán.I want to go to the People's Park.

Expressing "who" with 谁 (shéi)

Structure

Subject + 是 + 谁 ?

谁 + Verb ?

Examples

• A:你 是 谁？Nǐ shì shéi?Who are you?
• B:我 是 他的朋友。Wǒ shì tā de nǚpéngyou.I'm his girlfriend.

• A:她 是 谁？Tā shì shéi?Who is she?
• B:她 是 我 的 老师。Tā shì wǒ de lǎoshī.She is my teacher.

• A:谁 想 去？Shéi xiǎng qù?Who wants to go?
• B:我 想 去。Wǒ xiǎng qù.I want to go.

• A:谁 想 喝 水？Shéi xiǎng hē shuǐ?Who wants to drink water?
• B:我 想 喝 水。Wǒ xiǎng hē shuǐ.I want to drink water.

• A:谁 不 喜欢 用 iPhone？Shéi bù xǐhuan yòng iPhone ?Who doesn't like using an iPhone ?
• B:我 不 喜欢。Wǒ bù xǐhuan .I don't like it.

Expressing "when" with 什么时候 (shénme shíhou)

Structure

Subject + 什么时候 + Predicate ?

Examples for asking and telling when (to keep things simple, we'll just include questions about the future; asking questions about the past can be slightly more complicated and may involve the "shi... de" construction).

Examples

• A:你 什么时候 来 ？ Nǐ shénme shíhou lái?When are you coming?
• B:我 明天 来 。Wǒ míngtiān lái.I'm coming tomorrow.

• A:我们 什么时候 吃 饭 ？Wǒmen shénme shíhou chī fàn?When are we eating?
• B:我们 6 点 吃 饭 。Wǒmen liù diǎn chī fàn.We're eating at 6:00.

• A:你们 什么时候 走 ？Nǐmen shénme shíhou zǒu ?When are you guys leaving?
• B:我们 下 个 月 走 。Wǒmen xià ge yuè zǒu.We're leaving next month.

• A:你 什么时候 回 美国 ？Nǐ shénme shíhou huí Měiguó?When are you going back to the U.S.?
• B:我 9月 回 美国。Wǒ jiǔyuè huí Měiguó.I am going back this September.

• A:你 的 飞机 什么时候 到 上海？Nǐ de fēijī shénme shíhou dào Shànghǎi?When is your airplane arriving in Shanghai?
• B:晚上 八点。 Wǎnshang bā diǎn.Eight o'clock this evening.

Expressing "why" with 为什么 (wèishénme)

Structure

Subject + 为什么 + Predicate ?

Examples

• A:你 为什么 学 中文 ？Nǐ wèishénme xué Zhōngwén?Why do you study Chinese?
• B:因为 我 在 中国 。Yīnwèi wǒ zài Zhōngguó. Because I'm in China.

• A:你 为什么 不 高兴 ？Nǐ wèishénme bù gāoxìng?Why are you not happy?
• B:因为 我的 中文 不好。Yīnwèi wǒ de Zhōngwén bù hǎo.Because my Chinese is not good.

• A:他 为什么 不 来？Tā wèishénme bù lái?Why isn't he coming?
• B:因为 他 很 忙。Yīnwèi tā hěn máng.Because he is busy.

• A:你 早上为什么 不 在？Nǐ zǎoshang wèishénme bú zài?Why were you not here this morning?
• B:因为 我 出去 见 朋友 了 。Yīnwèi wǒ chūqù jiàn péngyou le.Because I was out meeting some friends.

• A:他 为什么 不 喜欢 中国？ Tā wèishénme bù xǐhuan Zhōngguó ?Why does he not like China?
• B:因为 中国 人 太多。Yīnwèi Zhōngguó rén tài duō.Because China has a lot of people.

Expressing "how" with 怎么 (zěnme)

Structure

Subject + 怎么 + Verb (+ Object) ?

Examples

• A:你 怎么 学习 中文？Nǐ zěnme xuéxí Zhōngwén?How do you study Chinese?
• B:我 用 Grammar Wiki 学习 中文 。Wǒ yòng Grammar Wiki xuéxí Zhōngwén.I use the Grammar Wiki.

• A:你 怎么 上网？Nǐ zěnme shàngwǎng?How do you go online?
• B:我 用 手机 上网。Wǒ yòng shǒujī shàngwǎng.I use my cell phone to go online.

• A:你 怎么 去 北京？Nǐ zěnme qù Beijing?How do you go to Beijing?
• B:我 坐 火车 去。Wǒ zuò huǒchē qù.I take the train.

• A:你 怎么 认识 她 的？ Nǐ zěnme rènshi tā de ? How did you meet her?
• B: 工作 认识 的。 Gōngzuò rènshi de .I met her at work.

• A:你们 怎么 回家 ？Nǐmen zěnme huíjiā?How are you guys going to get home?
• B:我 开车 回家。Wǒ kāichē huíjiā.I‘m driving home.

See also

• Word order
• Affirmative-negative questions
• Yes-no questions with "ma"

Sources and further reading

• Basic Patterns of Chinese Grammar (p. 23) →buy
• Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition (pp. 132-5) →buy
• New Practical Chinese Reader 1 (新实用汉语课本1) (p. 57) →buy
• New Practical Chinese Reader 1 (新实用汉语课本1)(2nd ed) (pp. 66, 251) →buy
• Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (3rd ed)→buy