Comparing "cai" and "jiu"

Both 才 (cái) and 就 (jiù) are adverbs that have to do with expressing time, and they are both placed in front of the verb. However, they have opposite effects on the tone of the sentence, with 才 (cái) implying a sense of lateness, and 就 (jiù) imparting a sense of earliness.

Emphasis with 才

Expressing Lateness with "cai"

才 indicates that the speaker feels that the events discussed happened later than expected. Sometimes it also expresses anxiety, impatience, anger, or other related emotions.

Structure

Subj. + Time Word + 才 + Verb

Examples

• 我 等 了 两 个 小时 才 买到 票。 Wǒ děng le liǎng gè xiǎoshí cái mǎi dào piào.I had waited two hours before buying the ticket.
• 老板 十一 点 才 到 办公室。 Lǎobǎn shíyī diǎn cái dào bàngōngshì.The boss didn't come to the office until 11 o'clock.
• 这个 项目 最少 要 花 两 个 月 才 能 做 完。Zhège xiàngmù zuì shǎo yào huā liǎng gè yuè cái néng zuò wán.It's going to take at least two months to complete this project.

Expressing Small Quantity with "cai"

才 can also mean "only" in the sense of a small quantity.

Structure

才 ( + Verb) + Measure Word + Noun

Examples

• 我们 有 这么 多 人，你 才 点 了 三 个 菜。 Wǒmen yǒu zhème duō rén, nǐ cái diǎn le sān gè cài.We have so many people and you only ordered three dishes.
• 我 买 了 这么 多 东西，才 花 了 五 百 块 。 Wǒ mǎi le zhème duō dōngxi, cái huā le wǔ bǎi kuài.I bought this many things, and I only spent 500 RMB.

Expressing "Not Late" with 才 and Time

When 才 is followed by a time, it can express the idea of "only," as in, "it's only 9 o'clock," expressing the idea that "9 o'clock is not late." This would seem to be the opposite of the 才 expressing "lateness," but it's important to remember that this 才 precedes a time, and not an action.

Structure

(现在) + 才 + Time

Examples

• 现在 才 九点 ，再 玩 一会儿 。Xiànzài cái jiǔ diǎn, zài wán yīhuìr.It's only nine o'clock. Stay and hang out a little bit more.
• 才 六点 ，起 那么 早 干吗 ？Cái liù diǎn, qǐ nàme zǎo gànmá?It's only six. Why did you get up so early?

Emphasis with 就

Used to Express Earliness

就 indicates that something has occurred earlier than the speaker expected. There may be an accompanying feeling of surprise or amazement.

Structure

Subj. + Time + 就 + Verb + Obj.＋了

Examples

• 他 下午 四点 就 吃 晚饭 了。Tā xiàwǔ sì diǎn jiù chī wǎnfàn le.He ate dinner at four in the afternoon.
• 她 十九 岁 就 结婚 了。Tā shíjiǔ suì jiù jiéhūn le.She got married when she was 19.
• 我 八点 就 出门 了，路 上 堵车，我 迟到 了 十 分钟。Wǒ bā diǎn jiù chūmén le, lù shàng dǔchē, wǒ chídào le shí fēnzhōng.I left at eight, but there was a traffic jam. I was ten minutes late.
• 你们 这么 早 就 下班 了？Nǐmen zhème zǎo jiù xiàbān le?You guys leaving work so early?
• 你 妹妹 十五 岁 就 上 大学 了？Nǐ mèimei shíwǔ suì jiù shàng dàxué le?Your younger sister started college when she was only fifteen?

Used to Express Small Quantity

就 can be used to mean "only," in the sense of a small quantity.

Structure

Subj. + 就 + (＋Verb) ＋ Measure Word ＋ Noun

Examples

• 我们 有 这么 多 人，你 就 买 了 一 瓶 可乐？Wǒmen yǒu zhème duō rén, nǐ jiù mǎi le yī píng kělè?We have all these people, and you just bought that one bottle of cola?
• 你们 每天 就 睡 四 个 小时？ Nǐmen měi tiān jiù shuì sì gè xiǎoshí?Do you only sleep four hours every day?
• 每 个 人 都 写 了 五页 纸，你 就 写 了 一 页 纸！ Měi gè rén dōu xiě le wǔ yè zhǐ, nǐ jiù xiě le yī yè zhǐ!Everyone wrote five pages, but you wrote just one?
• 那 时候 中国人 都 生 四 五 个 孩子，他们 家 就 一 个？ Nà shíhou Zhōngguó rén dōu shēng sì wǔ gè háizi, tāmen jiā jiù yī gè?At that time Chinese people all had four or five children, but their family only had one?
• 我们 有 十 个 人，但是 就 这么 一 小 碗饭？！Nǐ zhème dà yī gè nánrén, jiù chī zhème yī xiǎo wǎn fàn? !A big man like you only eats one small bowl of rice?

Using 才 and 就 Together

They're not matter and anti-matter; these two "opposite" words can actually be used together. When used together, they're the "just recently" meaning of 才 and the "early" meaning of 就. Together, they indicate that one thing just happened recently, and then the other happened soon after.

"才"表示动作在说话前不久发生，有" 刚、刚刚"的意思。常常跟"就"连用，形容某事发生得很快。

Structure

Subj + 才 + Verb + 就 + Verb Phrase

Examples

• 你 才 来 就 要 走 ？不 多 坐 一会儿 ？Nǐ cái lái jiù yào zǒu? bù duō zuò yīhuìr?You just came and you‘re not going to stay a little longer?
• 电影 才 开始 你 就 不 想 看 了 ？Diànyǐng cái kāishǐ nǐ jiù bù xiǎng kàn le?The movie just started and you don't want to see it now?
• 他 才 毕业 就 找到 了 这么 好 的 工作 ？Tā cái bìyè jiù zhǎodào le zhème hǎo de gōngzuò?How come he found such a good job while he just graduated from college?

See also

• Expressing lateness with "cai"
• Expressing earliness with "jiu"
• "cai" used for small numbers
• "Just" with "jiu"
• Emphasis with "jiu"
• Expressing "as one likes" with "jiu"
• Expressing indifference with "jiu"
• Limiting scope with "jiu"

Sources and further reading

Books

• Chinese Grammar - Broken down into 100 items - Basic and Intermediate Levels (汉语语法百项讲练 - 初中级) (pp. 107) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy
• HSK Standard Course 3 (pp. 101) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy

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