Difference between revisions of "Direction complement "-qilai""
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{{Grammar Box}}  
 
{{Grammar Box}}  
  
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起来 (qǐlái) comes up very frequently in Chinese and can be used both literally and figuratively. This is a little like the usage of "up" in English which can be used literally, as in "stand up," or figuratively, as in "add up." When used figuratively, 起来 often serves as  a [[direction complement]].
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起来 (qǐlái) comes up very frequently in Chinese and can be used both literally and figuratively. This is a little like the usage of "up" in English which can be used literally, as in "stand up," or figuratively, as in "add up." When used figuratively, 起来 often serves as  a [[direction complement]].
  
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==Expressing an upward movement==
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== Basic Meaning ==
  
 
=== Structure ===
 
=== Structure ===
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<div class="liju">
 
<div class="liju">
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* 请 大家 <em>站 起来</em> 。<span class="pinyin">Qǐng dàjiā <em>zhàn qǐlái</em>.</span><span class="trans">Everyone, please stand up.</span>
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*请 大家 <em>站 起来</em> 。<span class="pinyin">Qǐng dàjiā <em>zhàn qǐlái</em>.</span><span class="trans">Everyone, please stand up.</span>
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* 快 把 地上 的 书 <em>捡 起来</em>。<span class="pinyin">Kuài bǎ dìshàng de shū <em>jiǎn qǐlái</em>.</span><span class="trans">Quickly pick up the books on the floor.</span>
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*快 把 地上 的 书 <em>捡 起来</em>。<span class="pinyin">Kuài bǎ dìshàng de shū <em>jiǎn qǐlái</em>.</span><span class="trans">Quickly pick up the books on the floor.</span>
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* 你 怎么 不 把 老人 <em>扶 起来</em> ？ <span class="pinyin">Nǐ zěnme bù bǎ lǎorén <em>fú qǐlái</em>? </span><span class="trans"> Why didn't you keep the old man upright? </span>
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*你 怎么 不 把 老人 <em>扶 起来</em> ？ <span class="pinyin">Nǐ zěnme bù bǎ lǎorén <em>fú qǐlái</em>? </span><span class="trans"> Why didn't you keep the old man upright? </span>
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* 别 动 ！ 把 手 <em>举 起来</em> 。 <span class="pinyin">Bié dòng! Bǎ shǒu <em>jǔ qǐlái</em>.</span><span class="trans">Don't move! Put your hands up.</span>
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*别 动 ！把 手 <em>举 起来</em> 。 <span class="pinyin">Bié dòng! Bǎ shǒu <em>jǔ qǐlái</em>.</span><span class="trans">Don't move! Put your hands up.</span>
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
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== Expressing initiation of an action ==
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== Used as "initiation of an action" ==
  
 
=== Structure ===
 
=== Structure ===
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<div class="jiegou">
 
<div class="jiegou">
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Verb / Adj. + 起来 +了
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Verb / Adj.+ 起来 +了
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
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<div class="liju">
 
<div class="liju">
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* 大家 <em>笑 起来</em> 了 。 <span class="pinyin">Dàjiā <em>xiào qǐlái</em> le.</span><span class="trans">Everyone started laughing.</span>
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* 宝宝 <em>哭 起来</em> 了 。 <span class="pinyin">Bǎobǎo <em>kū qǐlái</em> le.</span><span class="trans">The baby started crying.</span>
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*小鸟 <strong>飞</strong> <em>起来</em> 了 。<span class="pinyin">Xiǎoniǎo <strong>fēi</strong> <em>qǐlai</em> le.</span><span class="trans">The birds starts flying.</span>
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* 两 个 大妈 <em>吵 起来</em> 了 。 <span class="pinyin">Liǎng gè dàmā <em>chǎo qǐlái</em> le.</span><span class="trans">Two middle-aged ladies started arguing.</span>
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*宝宝 <strong>哭</strong> <em>起来</em> 了 。 <span class="pinyin">Bǎobao <strong>kū</strong>  <em>qǐlái</em> le.</span><span class="trans">The baby started crying.</span>
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* 天气 <em>热 起来</em> 了 。 <span class="pinyin">Tiānqì <em>rè qǐlái</em> le.</span><span class="trans">It's starting to get hot.</span>
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*两 个 大妈 <strong>吵</strong> <em>起来</em> 了 。 <span class="pinyin">Liǎng gè dàmā <strong>chǎo</strong> <em>qǐlái</em> le.</span><span class="trans">Two middle-aged ladies started arguing.</span>
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* 他 的 病 <em>好 起来</em>了 。 <span class="pinyin">Tā de bìng <em>hǎo qǐlái</em> le.</span><span class="trans">His illness is starting to get better.</span>
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*天气 <strong>热</strong> <em>起来</em> 了 。 <span class="pinyin">Tiānqì <strong>rè</strong> <em>qǐlái</em> le.</span><span class="trans">It's starting to get hot.</span>
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*他 的 身体 <strong>好</strong> <em>起来</em> 了 。 <span class="pinyin">Tā de shēntǐ <strong>hǎo</strong> <em>qǐlái</em> le.</span><span class="trans">His health is starting to get better.</span>
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
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</div>
 
</div>
  
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==Expressing an initial judgement==
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== Used for An Initial Judgement==
  
 
起来 can also be used to express a preliminary judgement. 起来 is used here to express that the speaker has only just initiated an action, and based on that, has made a quick judgement. It is used in the following structure:
 
起来 can also be used to express a preliminary judgement. 起来 is used here to express that the speaker has only just initiated an action, and based on that, has made a quick judgement. It is used in the following structure:
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<div class="liju">
 
<div class="liju">
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* 他 <em>看 起来</em> 很 友好。<span class="pinyin">Tā <em>kàn qǐlái</em> hěn yǒuhǎo.</span><span class="trans">He looks very friendly.</span>
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* 这 件 事情 <em>听 起来</em> 有点 复杂。<span class="pinyin">Zhè jiàn shìqing <em>tīng qǐlái</em> yǒudiǎn fùzá.</span><span class="trans">This matter sounds a little bit complex.</span>
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*他 <em>看 起来</em> 很 友好。<span class="pinyin">Tā <em>kàn qǐlái</em> hěn yǒuhǎo.</span><span class="trans">He looks very friendly.</span>
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* 你 点 的 菜 <em>尝 起来</em> 不错。<span class="pinyin">Nǐ diǎn de cài <em>cháng qǐlái</em> bùcuò.</span><span class="trans">The dishes that you ordered taste good .</span>
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*这 件 事情 <em>听 起来</em> 有点 复杂。<span class="pinyin">Zhè jiàn shìqing <em>tīng qǐlái</em> yǒudiǎn fùzá.</span><span class="trans">This matter sounds a little bit complex.</span>
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* 这 件 衣服 <em>摸 起来</em> 很 舒服。<span class="pinyin">Zhè jiàn yīfu <em>mō qǐlái</em> hěn shūfu.</span><span class="trans">These clothes feel very comfortable.</span>
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*你 点 的 菜 <em>尝 起来</em> 不错。<span class="pinyin">Nǐ diǎn de cài <em>cháng qǐlái</em> bùcuò.</span><span class="trans">The dishes that you ordered taste good .</span>
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*这 件 衣服 <em>摸 起来</em> 很 舒服。<span class="pinyin">Zhè jiàn yīfu <em>mō qǐlái</em> hěn shūfu.</span><span class="trans">These clothes feel very comfortable.</span>
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</div>
 
</div>
  
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== See Also ==
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== See also ==
  
 
* [[Result complement "xiaqu"|下去]]
 
* [[Result complement "xiaqu"|下去]]
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* Yale: [http://comet.cls.yale.edu/mandarin/content/directional/grammar/direction-3a.htm Extended meaning of some directional complements]
 
* Yale: [http://comet.cls.yale.edu/mandarin/content/directional/grammar/direction-3a.htm Extended meaning of some directional complements]
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{{Basic Grammar|起来|B1|Verb + 起来|站 <em>起来</em>！说 <em>起来</em> 容易，做 <em>起来</em> 难。|grammar point|ASGBPXOB}}
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{{Basic Grammar|起来|B1|Verb + 起来|请 大家 <em>站 起来</em> 。|grammar point|ASGBPXOB}}
 
{{Rel char|起}}
 
{{Rel char|起}}
 
{{Rel char|来}}
 
{{Rel char|来}}

Revision as of 06:45, 6 February 2018

起来 (qǐlái) comes up very frequently in Chinese and can be used both literally and figuratively. This is a little like the usage of "up" in English which can be used literally, as in "stand up," or figuratively, as in "add up." When used figuratively, 起来 often serves as a direction complement.

Basic Meaning

Structure

起来 can be used to express an upward movement like "up," as in the English examples of "stand up" or "pick up."

Verb + 起来

Examples

  • 请 大家 站 起来 。Qǐng dàjiā zhàn qǐlái.Everyone, please stand up.
  • 快 把 地上 的 书 捡 起来。Kuài bǎ dìshàng de shū jiǎn qǐlái.Quickly pick up the books on the floor.
  • 你 怎么 不 把 老人 扶 起来 ？ Nǐ zěnme bù bǎ lǎorén fú qǐlái? Why didn't you keep the old man upright?
  • 别 动 ！把 手 举 起来 。 Bié dòng! Bǎ shǒu jǔ qǐlái.Don't move! Put your hands up.

Used as "initiation of an action"

Structure

起来 can also be used to show that an action or state has started and is ongoing:

Verb / Adj.+ 起来 +了

Examples

  • 小鸟 飞 起来 了 。Xiǎoniǎo fēi qǐlai le.The birds starts flying.
  • 宝宝 哭 起来 了 。 Bǎobao kū qǐlái le.The baby started crying.
  • 两 个 大妈 吵 起来 了 。 Liǎng gè dàmā chǎo qǐlái le.Two middle-aged ladies started arguing.
  • 天气 热 起来 了 。 Tiānqì rè qǐlái le.It's starting to get hot.
  • 他 的 身体 好 起来 了 。 Tā de shēntǐ hǎo qǐlái le.His health is starting to get better.

When used like this, 起来 is only used with spontaneous actions, like 唱, 跳, 聊, or with states like 热, 冷, or 好 etc. It cannot be used with planned actions.

  • 我们 做饭 起来 吧。Wǒmen zuòfàn qǐlái ba.
  • 我们 开始 做饭 吧。Wǒmen kāishǐ zuòfàn ba.

Used for An Initial Judgement

起来 can also be used to express a preliminary judgement. 起来 is used here to express that the speaker has only just initiated an action, and based on that, has made a quick judgement. It is used in the following structure:

Structure

Subj. + Verb + 起来 + Adj.

This expresses that the subject seems adjective when the action of the verb is performed. This structure is frequently used with perception verbs such as 看, 听, 尝 etc.

Examples

  • 他 看 起来 很 友好。Tā kàn qǐlái hěn yǒuhǎo.He looks very friendly.
  • 这 件 事情 听 起来 有点 复杂。Zhè jiàn shìqing tīng qǐlái yǒudiǎn fùzá.This matter sounds a little bit complex.
  • 你 点 的 菜 尝 起来 不错。Nǐ diǎn de cài cháng qǐlái bùcuò.The dishes that you ordered taste good .
  • 这 件 衣服 摸 起来 很 舒服。Zhè jiàn yīfu mō qǐlái hěn shūfu.These clothes feel very comfortable.

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Websites



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