Difference between revisions of "Advanced result complements "zhu", "kai", and "chulai""

Latest revision as of 03:29, 29 December 2020

Level

B2 / HSK5
Level

B2
Level

HSK5
Similar to
- Direction complement "-qilai" (B1)
- Result complements (B1)
- Advanced uses of direction complement "-qilai" (B2)
- Complement "-zhao" (B2)
Similar to
- Result complements (HSK2, HSK3)
- Advanced uses of direction complement "-qilai" (HSK4)
- Direction complement "-qilai" (HSK4)
- Complement "-zhao" (HSK5)
Used for

Expressing result, Expressing duration
Keywords

出, 出来, 住, 开

Hopefully you're no stranger to the concept of result complements by now, but there are a few that are less common and thus may have escaped direct scrutiny until now. This grammar point focuses on 住, 开, and 出(来) acting as result complements.

住 as a Result Complement

住 can be used after a verb to express a "coming to a halt." These verbs are limited.

站住！Zhànzhù!Stop!
抓住那个小偷！Zhuāzhù nàge xiǎotōu!Catch that thief!
不好意思，你挡住了我的路。Bù hǎoyìsi, nǐ dǎngzhù le wǒ de lù.Excuse me. You're standing in my way.

住 can also be used to express "undertaking an action firmly."

一定要记住我的话。Yīdìng yào jìzhù wǒ de huà.You must remember what I said.
你必须抓住机会。Nǐ bìxū zhuāzhù jīhuì.You must seize the opportunity tightly.
忍住！马上就好了。Rěnzhù! Mǎshàng jiù hǎo le.Hold on! It will be ready soon.
坚持住！别放弃！Jiānchí zhù! Bié fàngqì!Persevere! Don't give up!

开 as Result Complement

开 means "to open" or "to turn on." It is used as a complement in this literal sense.

张开嘴。Zhāngkāi zuǐ.Open your mouth.
请打开书。Qǐng dǎkāi shū.Please open your book.
现在请你睁开眼睛。Xiànzài qǐng nǐ zhēngkāi yǎnjīng.Please open your eyes now.

开 can be used to express an action that is occurring in a direction away from the speaker. When used in this sense, 开 is generally used with verbs involving releasing, unfolding or spreading out:

走开！Zǒukāi!Go away!
放开我！Fàngkāi wǒ!Let go of me!
这个好消息很快传开了。Zhège hǎo xiāoxī hěn kuài chuánkāi le.This good news spread out very soon.

开 can be also used to express solving a problem or getting a weight off one's mind.

看开一点。Kànkāi yīdiǎn.Cheer up.
想开一点。Xiǎngkāi yīdiǎn.Cheer up.

出(来) as Result Complement

出 and 出来 can be used as complements to figuratively add a sense of "coming into being" or "coming up with."

你能想出什么好办法？Nǐ néng xiǎngchū shénme hǎo bànfǎ?What good ideas can you come up with?
这些数学题有点难，我花了一个小时才做出来。Zhèxiē shùxué tí yǒudiǎn nán, wǒ huā le yī gè xiǎoshí cái zuòchūlái.These math problems are a little bit difficult. It took me an hour to work them out.
你觉得他能猜出来这件事是我干的吗？Nǐ juéde tā néng cāi chūlái zhè jiàn shì shì wǒ gàn de ma?Do you think he can figure out I am the one who did this?
一万字的文章我 写不 出来。Yī wàn zì de wénzhāng wǒ xiě bu chūlái.I can't write a ten-thousand-word article.

When paired with verbs related to the senses, the complement 出(来) adds a sense of "to tell" or "to distinguish".

她肯定是北方人，我能听出来。Tā kěndìng shì běifāng rén, wǒ néng tīng chūlái.She must be from the north. I can hear it.
你能看出我多大吗？Nǐ néng kànchū wǒ duōdà ma?Can you tell how old I am?
菜里面有味精，我能吃出来。Cài lǐmiàn yǒu wèijīng, wǒ néng chī chūlái.The food has MSG in it. I can taste it.
这个东西是用什么做的？你能摸出来吗？Zhège dōngxi shì yòng shénme zuò de? Nǐ néng mō chūlái ma?What's this thing made of? Can you tell by feeling it?
你抽烟了吧？别骗我，我都闻出来了。Nǐ chōuyān le ba? Bié piàn wǒ, wǒ dōu wén chūlái le.Were you smoking? Don't lie to me because I can smell it.

Sources and further reading

Books

New Practical Chinese Reader 3 (新实用汉语课本3) (pp. 135) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Grammar Box}}
-When used as a resultative complement, 住 (zhù) can meaning "to stop" or "tightly". It can also be used as a potential complement, meaing "able to".
+Hopefully you're no stranger to the concept of [[result complement]]s by now, but there are a few that are less common and thus may have escaped direct scrutiny until now. This grammar point focuses on 住, 开, and 出(来) acting as result complements.
-==住 as "to come to a halt" ==
+== 住 as a Result Complement ==
-== Structure ==
+住 can be used after a verb to express a "coming to a halt." These verbs are limited.
-<div class="jiegou">
-V.+ 住
+<div class="liju">
+*<strong>站</strong><em>住</em>！<span class="pinyin"><strong>Zhàn</strong><em>zhù</em>!</span><span class="trans">Stop!</span>
+*<strong>抓</strong><em>住</em> 那个 小偷 ！<span class="pinyin"><strong>Zhuā</strong><em>zhù</em> nàge xiǎotōu!</span><span class="trans">Catch that thief!</span>
+*不 好意思 ，你 <strong>挡</strong><em>住</em> 了 我 的 路 。<span class="pinyin">Bù hǎoyìsi, nǐ <strong>dǎng</strong><em>zhù</em> le wǒ de lù.</span><span class="trans">Excuse me. You're standing in my way.</span>
 </div>
-== Examples ==
+住 can also be used to express "undertaking an action firmly."
 <div class="liju">
+*一定 要 <strong>记</strong><em>住</em> 我 的 话 。<span class="pinyin">Yīdìng yào <strong>jì</strong><em>zhù</em> wǒ de huà.</span><span class="trans">You must remember what I said.</span>
-* 这 辆 破 车 <em>堵住</em> 了 整 条 路。
+*你 必须 <strong>抓</strong><em>住</em> 机会 。<span class="pinyin">Nǐ bìxū <strong>zhuā</strong><em>zhù</em> jīhuì.</span><span class="trans">You must seize the opportunity tightly.</span>
-* <em>站住</em>！你 不 能 走！
+*<strong>忍</strong><em>住</em> ！马上 就 好了 。<span class="pinyin"><strong>Rěn</strong><em>zhù</em>! Mǎshàng jiù hǎo le.</span><span class="trans">Hold on! It will be ready soon.</span>
-* 我 意识 到 自己 说 得 太 多 了，所以 马上 <em>打住</em> 了。
+*<strong>坚持</strong> <em>住</em> ！别 放弃 ！<span class="pinyin"><strong>Jiānchí</strong> <em>zhù</em>! Bié fàngqì!</span><span class="trans">Persevere! Don't give up!</span>
-* 快点 打 电话 让 维修工 过来 帮 我们 <em>止住</em> 水。
 </div>
-==住 as "firmly" or "tightly"==
+== 开 as Result Complement ==
-== Structure ==
+开 means "to open" or "to turn on." It is used as a complement in this literal sense.
-<div class="jiegou">
+<div class="liju">
+*<strong>张</strong><em>开</em> 嘴 。<span class="pinyin"><strong>Zhāng</strong><em>kāi</em> zuǐ.</span><span class="trans">Open your mouth.</span>
+*请 <strong>打</strong><em>开</em> 书 。<span class="pinyin">Qǐng <strong>dǎ</strong><em>kāi</em> shū.</span><span class="trans">Please open your book.</span>
+*现在 请 你 <strong>睁</strong><em>开</em> 眼睛 。<span class="pinyin">Xiànzài qǐng nǐ <strong>zhēng</strong><em>kāi</em> yǎnjīng.</span><span class="trans">Please open your eyes now.</span>
+</div>
-V.+ 住
+开 can be used to express an action that is occurring in a direction away from the speaker. When used in this sense, 开 is generally used with verbs involving releasing, unfolding or spreading out:
+<div class="liju">
+*<strong>走</strong><em>开</em> ！<span class="pinyin"><strong>Zǒu</strong><em>kāi</em>!</span><span class="trans">Go away!</span>
+*<strong>放</strong><em>开</em> 我 ！<span class="pinyin"><strong>Fàng</strong><em>kāi</em> wǒ!</span><span class="trans">Let go of me!</span>
+*这个 好消息 很快 <strong>传</strong><em>开</em> 了 。<span class="pinyin">Zhège hǎo xiāoxī hěn kuài <strong>chuán</strong><em>kāi</em> le.</span><span class="trans">This good news spread out very soon.</span>
 </div>
-== Examples ==
+开 can be also used to express solving a problem or getting a weight off one's mind.
 <div class="liju">
+*<strong>看</strong><em>开</em> 一点 。<span class="pinyin"><strong>Kàn</strong><em>kāi</em> yīdiǎn.</span><span class="trans">Cheer up.</span>
-* 你 必须 <em>抓住</em> 重点。
+*<strong>想</strong><em>开</em> 一点 。<span class="pinyin"><strong>Xiǎng</strong><em>kāi</em> yīdiǎn.</span><span class="trans">Cheer up.</span>
-* 长辈 给 你 传授 的 经验 一定 要 <em>记住</em>。
-* <em>看住</em> 你 的 小 狗，别 让 它 乱 跑。
 </div>
-==住 as a potential complement expressing ability==
+== 出(来) as Result Complement ==
-== Structure ==
+出 and 出来 can be used as complements to figuratively add a sense of "coming into being" or "coming up with."
-<div class="jiegou">
+<div class="liju">
-V. + 得/不 + 住
+*你 能 <strong>想</strong><em>出</em> 什么 好 办法 ？<span class="pinyin">Nǐ néng <strong>xiǎng</strong><em>chū</em> shénme hǎo bànfǎ?</span><span class="trans">What good ideas can you come up with?</span>
+*这些 数学 题 有点 难 ，我 花 了 一个 小时 才 <strong>做</strong><em>出来</em> 。<span class="pinyin">Zhèxiē shùxué tí yǒudiǎn nán, wǒ huā le yī gè xiǎoshí cái <strong>zuò</strong><em>chūlái</em>.</span><span class="trans">These math problems are a little bit difficult. It took me an hour to work them out.</span>
+*你 觉得 他 能 <strong>猜</strong> <em>出来</em> 这 件 事 是 我 干 的 吗 ？<span class="pinyin">Nǐ juéde tā néng <strong>cāi</strong> <em>chūlái</em> zhè jiàn shì shì wǒ gàn de ma?</span><span class="trans">Do you think he can figure out I am the one who did this?</span>
+*一万 字 的 文章 我 <strong>写 不</strong> <em>出来</em> 。<span class="pinyin">Yī wàn zì de wénzhāng wǒ <strong>xiě bu</strong> <em>chūlái</em>.</span><span class="trans">I can't write a ten-thousand-word article.</span>
 </div>
-When used with 得 (or 不) 住 functions as a [[Potential complement|potential complement ]], and denotes that one's one's ability is up (or not) to the task in question:
+When paired with verbs related to the senses, the complement 出(来) adds a sense of "to tell" or "to distinguish".
-== Examples ==
 <div class="liju">
+*她 肯定 是 北方人，我 能 <strong>听</strong> <em>出来</em> 。<span class="pinyin">Tā kěndìng shì běifāng rén, wǒ néng <strong>tīng</strong> <em>chūlái</em>.</span><span class="trans">She must be from the north. I can hear it.</span>
+*你 能 <strong>看</strong><em>出</em> 我 多大 吗 ？<span class="pinyin">Nǐ néng <strong>kàn</strong><em>chū</em> wǒ duōdà ma?</span><span class="trans">Can you tell how old I am?</span>
+*菜 里面 有 味精 ，我 能 <strong>吃</strong> <em>出来</em> 。<span class="pinyin">Cài lǐmiàn yǒu wèijīng, wǒ néng <strong>chī</strong> <em>chūlái</em>.</span><span class="trans">The food has MSG in it. I can taste it.</span>
+*这 个 东西 是 用 什么 做 的 ？你 能 <strong>摸</strong> <em>出来</em> 吗 ？<span class="pinyin">Zhège dōngxi shì yòng shénme zuò de? Nǐ néng <strong>mō</strong> <em>chūlái</em> ma?</span><span class="trans">What's this thing made of? Can you tell by feeling it?</span>
+*你 抽烟 了 吧 ？别 骗 我 ，我 都 <strong>闻</strong> <em>出来</em> 了 。<span class="pinyin">Nǐ chōuyān le ba? Bié piàn wǒ, wǒ dōu <strong>wén</strong> <em>chūlái</em> le.</span><span class="trans">Were you smoking? Don't lie to me because I can smell it.</span>
+</div>
-* 我 <em>忍 不 住</em> 哭了。
+== See also ==
-* 这 个 人 你 <em>留 不 住</em>，他 不 会 永远 呆 在 这里。
-* 连续 工作 这么 长 时间，你 <em>撑 得 住</em> 吗？
-* 如果 你 <em>抓 得 住</em>她 的心，只能 说明 你 很 幸运。
-</div>
-==See also==
+* [[Result complements]]
-* [[Resultative Complement "kai"]]
-* [[Resultative Complement "huai"]]
 * [[Potential complement]]
@@ Line 75: / Line 78: @@
 === Books ===
-* [[New Practical Chinese Reader 3 (新实用汉语课本3)]] (pp. 135) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/756191251X/ref%3das_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399369&creativeASIN=756191251X →buy]
+{{Source|New Practical Chinese Reader 3 (新实用汉语课本3)|135}}
 [[Category: B2 grammar points]]
 [[Category: Result complement]]
-{{Basic Grammar|住|B2|V + 住|上 了 点 药 后 ， 血 止 <em>住</em> 了。|grammar point|ASG4OM4T}}
+{{Basic Grammar|住|B2|Verb + 住 / 开 / 出(来)|<em>抓住</em> 那个 小偷 ！|grammar point|ASG4OM4T}}
-{{Similar|Resultative Complement "kai"}}
+{{Rel char|开}}
-{{Similar|Resultative Complement "huai"}}
+{{Rel char|出来}}
+{{Rel char|出}}
+{{Similar|Potential complement "-bu dong" for not understanding}}
+{{Similar|Result complement}}
+{{Similar|Result complements "-dao" and "-jian"}}
+{{Similar|Result complement "-wan" for finishing}}
+{{Similar|Result complement "xiaqu"}}
 {{Similar|Potential complement}}
 {{Used for|Expressing duration}}
+{{Used for|Expressing result}}
 {{Structure|Complements}}