Difference between revisions of "Aspect particle "zhe""

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{{Grammar Box}} \r\nThe particle 着 (zhe) is one way of indicating the ''continuous aspect'' in Mandarin Chinese (another common way is [[Expressing actions in progress|using the adverb 在 in front of verbs]]).  You may have heard that the Chinese particle 着 added onto the end of verbs is similar to the use of ''-ing'' in English.  This isn't particularly helpful, however, because the use of 着 in Chinese is not nearly so frequent, and can also be quite idiomatic.\r\n== Basic Structure ==\r\n<div class="jiegou">\r\nVerb + 着\r\n</div>\r\n== Examples ==\r\nSome examples:\r\n<div class="liju">\r\n* 我 来 读 信,你 听<em>着</em>。<span class="trans">You need to listen while I'm reading this letter.</span>
 
 
The particle 着 (zhe) is one way of indicating the ''continuous aspect'' in Mandarin Chinese (another common way is [[Expressing actions in progress|using the adverb 在 in front of verbs]]).  You may have heard that the Chinese particle 着 added onto the end of verbs is similar to the use of ''-ing'' in English.  This isn't particularly helpful, however, because the use of 着 in Chinese is not nearly so frequent, and can also be quite idiomatic.
 
 
 
== Basic Structure ==
 
 
 
<div class="jiegou">
 
 
 
Verb + 着
 
 
 
</div>
 
 
 
== Examples ==
 
 
 
Some examples:
 
 
 
<div class="liju">
 
 
 
* 我 来 读 信,你 听<em>着</em>。<span class="trans">You need to listen while I'm reading this letter.</span>
 
 
* 这 家 饭店 还 开 <em>着</em> 。<span class="trans">This restaurant is still open.</span>
 
* 这 家 饭店 还 开 <em>着</em> 。<span class="trans">This restaurant is still open.</span>
 
* 我们 站 <em>着</em> 说话 吧。<span class="trans">We talk while standing.</span>
 
* 我们 站 <em>着</em> 说话 吧。<span class="trans">We talk while standing.</span>
*不要 躺 <em>着</em> 看书 。<span class="trans">Don't read while lying down.</span>
+
*不要 躺 <em>着</em> 看书 。<span class="trans">Don't read while lying down.</span>\r\n</div>\r\n== 着 for a continuous state ==\r\nWhile it's true that the "[[Expressing actions in progress (full form)|full progressive pattern]]" can make use of 着, this is not a pattern you're going to want to use all the time.  For example, if you want to say "I'm reading," you have these two choices:\r\n<div class="liju">
 
 
</div>
 
 
 
== 着 for a continuous state ==
 
 
 
While it's true that the "[[Expressing actions in progress (full form)|full progressive pattern]]" can make use of 着, this is not a pattern you're going to want to use all the time.  For example, if you want to say "I'm reading," you have these two choices:
 
 
 
<div class="liju">
 
 
<ul>
 
<ul>
 
<li class="o">我 <strong>在</strong> 看 书 。<span class="expl">(This is the natural, easy way to say it.)</span></li>
 
<li class="o">我 <strong>在</strong> 看 书 。<span class="expl">(This is the natural, easy way to say it.)</span></li>
 
<li class="q">我 <strong>正 在</strong> 看 <em>着</em> 书 <strong>呢</strong> 。 <span class="expl">(This seems a bit much, and isn't very natural.)</span></li>
 
<li class="q">我 <strong>正 在</strong> 看 <em>着</em> 书 <strong>呢</strong> 。 <span class="expl">(This seems a bit much, and isn't very natural.)</span></li>
 
</ul>
 
</ul>
</div>
+
</div>\r\nThe first one is fine, but the second one is definitely odd, and unnecessarily wordy.  So there's no need to intentionally construct such long, unwieldy structures.  For this kind of usage (which corresponds pretty closely to the "-ing" in English which we mentioned before), you're better off avoiding 着.\r\nThere are, however, other uses of 着 which are needed.  When you're talking about "states" which don't involve any ''continuous action'', or actually ''doing'' anything, you're going to want to use 着 instead of 在.  Some examples:\r\n<div class="liju">\r\n{| class="wikitable" style="width:52em"
 
 
The first one is fine, but the second one is definitely odd, and unnecessarily wordy.  So there's no need to intentionally construct such long, unwieldy structures.  For this kind of usage (which corresponds pretty closely to the "-ing" in English which we mentioned before), you're better off avoiding 着.
 
 
 
There are, however, other uses of 着 which are needed.  When you're talking about "states" which don't involve any ''continuous action'', or actually ''doing'' anything, you're going to want to use 着 instead of 在.  Some examples:
 
 
 
<div class="liju">
 
 
 
{| class="wikitable" style="width:52em"
 
 
|+着 Expressing an Ongoing State
 
|+着 Expressing an Ongoing State
 
! scope="col" width="10%" | Verb + 着
 
! scope="col" width="10%" | Verb + 着
Line 55: Line 21:
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 躺 <em>着</em> || <span class="spaced">躺 alone means "to lie on one's back."  Adding 着 allows one to express that someone "is lying down."</span>
 
| 躺 <em>着</em> || <span class="spaced">躺 alone means "to lie on one's back."  Adding 着 allows one to express that someone "is lying down."</span>
|}
+
|}\r\n</div>\r\nNow let's see these in action:\r\n<div class="liju">\r\n<ul>
 
 
</div>
 
 
 
Now let's see these in action:
 
 
 
<div class="liju">
 
 
 
<ul>
 
 
<li class="o">房间 里 灯 关 <em>着</em> 。 <span class="expl">("Being off" is a state, so using 着 is natural.)</span></li>
 
<li class="o">房间 里 灯 关 <em>着</em> 。 <span class="expl">("Being off" is a state, so using 着 is natural.)</span></li>
 
<li class="x">房间 里 灯 <em>在</em> 关  。 <span class="expl">("Being off" is not an action, so don't use 在.)</span></li>
 
<li class="x">房间 里 灯 <em>在</em> 关  。 <span class="expl">("Being off" is not an action, so don't use 在.)</span></li>
</ul>
+
</ul>\r\n<ul>
 
 
<ul>
 
 
<li class="o">我 带 <em>着</em> 护照。 <span class="expl">("Having your passport (on you)" is a state, so using 着 is natural.)</span></li>
 
<li class="o">我 带 <em>着</em> 护照。 <span class="expl">("Having your passport (on you)" is a state, so using 着 is natural.)</span></li>
 
<li class="x">我 <em>在</em> 带 护照 。 <span class="expl">("Having your passport (on you)" is not an action, so don't use 在.)</span></li>
 
<li class="x">我 <em>在</em> 带 护照 。 <span class="expl">("Having your passport (on you)" is not an action, so don't use 在.)</span></li>
</ul>
+
</ul>\r\n<ul>
 
 
<ul>
 
 
<li class="o">她 坐 <em>着</em> 吗 ? <span class="expl">("Be sitting" is a state, so using 着 is natural.)</span></li>
 
<li class="o">她 坐 <em>着</em> 吗 ? <span class="expl">("Be sitting" is a state, so using 着 is natural.)</span></li>
 
<li class="x">她 <em>在</em> 坐 吗 ? <span class="expl">("Be sitting" is not an action (plus "在坐" is likely to be mistaken for the action "在做"), so don't use 在.)</span></li>
 
<li class="x">她 <em>在</em> 坐 吗 ? <span class="expl">("Be sitting" is not an action (plus "在坐" is likely to be mistaken for the action "在做"), so don't use 在.)</span></li>
</ul>
+
</ul>\r\n<ul>
 
 
<ul>
 
 
<li class="o">躺 <em>着</em> 最 舒服 。 <span class="expl">("Lying here" is a state, so using 着 is natural.)</span></li>
 
<li class="o">躺 <em>着</em> 最 舒服 。 <span class="expl">("Lying here" is a state, so using 着 is natural.)</span></li>
 
<li class="x"><em>在</em> 躺 最 舒服  。 <span class="expl">("Lying here" is not strictly an action, so don't use 在.)</span></li>
 
<li class="x"><em>在</em> 躺 最 舒服  。 <span class="expl">("Lying here" is not strictly an action, so don't use 在.)</span></li>
</ul>
+
</ul>\r\n</div>\r\n== 着 for doing an action in a particular state ==\r\nIf you do an action [["Verbing away" using "zhe"|''while in a particular state'']], you can make use of this pattern:\r\n<div class="jiegou">\r\nVerb1 + 着 + Verb2\r\n</div>\r\nNote that the '''first verb''' (followed by 着) describes the '''state'''; the second verb is the action verb.  In this case, the "-ing" translation can be useful.\r\n<div class="liju">\r\n* 站 <em>着</em> 吃饭 <span class="expl"> "standing + eat = eating while standing"</span>
 
 
</div>
 
 
 
== 着 for doing an action in a particular state ==
 
 
 
If you do an action [["Verbing away" using "zhe"|''while in a particular state'']], you can make use of this pattern:
 
 
 
<div class="jiegou">
 
 
 
Verb1 + 着 + Verb2
 
 
 
</div>
 
 
 
Note that the '''first verb''' (followed by 着) describes the '''state'''; the second verb is the action verb.  In this case, the "-ing" translation can be useful.
 
 
 
<div class="liju">
 
 
 
* 站 <em>着</em> 吃饭 <span class="expl"> "standing + eat = eating while standing"</span>
 
 
* 听 <em>着</em> 音乐健身 <span class="expl"> "listening to music + work out = listening to music while working out</span>
 
* 听 <em>着</em> 音乐健身 <span class="expl"> "listening to music + work out = listening to music while working out</span>
* 哭 <em>着</em> 说话 <span class="expl"> "crying + speak = speaking while crying</span>
+
* 哭 <em>着</em> 说话 <span class="expl"> "crying + speak = speaking while crying</span>\r\n</div>\r\n'''Note:''' If you want to make a sentence where both verbs are action verbs (neither is truly a state), then you don't want this pattern, you want [[Simultaneous tasks with "yibian"|一边⋯⋯,一边⋯⋯]].\r\n== 着 Used Idiomatically ==\r\nCertain verbs tend to take 着 more frequently than others, and exactly what the 着 is ''doing'' might not be apparent at all.  It's best to think of these usages as colloquialisms.  You can even think of them as set phrases.\r\n<div class="liju">\r\n{| class="wikitable" style="width:52em"
 
 
</div>
 
 
 
'''Note:''' If you want to make a sentence where both verbs are action verbs (neither is truly a state), then you don't want this pattern, you want [[Simultaneous tasks with "yibian"|一边⋯⋯,一边⋯⋯]].
 
 
 
== 着 Used Idiomatically ==
 
 
 
Certain verbs tend to take 着 more frequently than others, and exactly what the 着 is ''doing'' might not be apparent at all.  It's best to think of these usages as colloquialisms.  You can even think of them as set phrases.
 
 
 
<div class="liju">
 
 
 
{| class="wikitable" style="width:52em"
 
 
|+着 Used Idiomatically
 
|+着 Used Idiomatically
 
! scope="col" width="10%" | Verb + 着
 
! scope="col" width="10%" | Verb + 着
Line 124: Line 46:
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 等 <em>着</em> || <span class="spaced">"to wait" (essentially the same as 等)</span> || 你们 继续 等 <em>着</em> !
 
| 等 <em>着</em> || <span class="spaced">"to wait" (essentially the same as 等)</span> || 你们 继续 等 <em>着</em> !
|}
+
|}\r\n</div>\r\nThere's also one colloquial usage of 着 that's been chosen by at least one textbook for special treatment, so we'll cover it here as well:\r\n<div class="jiegou">\r\nVerb + 着 + 玩儿\r\n</div>\r\nThis pattern may look like that "doing an action in a particular state" pattern already covered above, but in practice it doesn't really work that way.  It just means "[Verb] for fun" or "[Verb] as a joke."\r\nExamples of this usage:\r\n<div class="liju">\r\n* 我 不 是 认真 的,我 是 闹 <em>着</em> 玩儿。<span class="trans">I'm not very serious, I like to have a lot of fun.</span>
 
 
</div>
 
 
 
There's also one colloquial usage of 着 that's been chosen by at least one textbook for special treatment, so we'll cover it here as well:
 
 
 
<div class="jiegou">
 
 
 
Verb + 着 + 玩儿
 
 
 
</div>
 
 
 
This pattern may look like that "doing an action in a particular state" pattern already covered above, but in practice it doesn't really work that way.  It just means "[Verb] for fun" or "[Verb] as a joke."
 
 
 
Examples of this usage:
 
 
 
<div class="liju">
 
 
 
* 我 不 是 认真 的,我 是 闹 <em>着</em> 玩儿。<span class="trans">I'm not very serious, I like to have a lot of fun.</span>
 
 
* 我 听不懂 英文 歌,只 是 听 <em>着</em> 玩儿。<span class="trans">I don't understand English songs. I just listen for fun.</span>
 
* 我 听不懂 英文 歌,只 是 听 <em>着</em> 玩儿。<span class="trans">I don't understand English songs. I just listen for fun.</span>
* 你不要生气了,我刚才是说<em>着</em> 玩儿的!<span class="trans">Don't be mad.I was just joking.</span>
+
* 你不要生气了,我刚才是说<em>着</em> 玩儿的!<span class="trans">Don't be mad.I was just joking.</span>\r\n</div>\r\n==See also==\r\n* [[Expressing actions in progress]]
 
+
* [[Expressing actions in progress (full form)]]\r\n== Sources and further reading ==\r\n=== Books ===\r\n* [[A Practical Chinese Grammar For Foreigners (外国人实用汉语语法) ]] (pp. 414 - 423) [http://www.amazon.cn/mn/detailApp?_encoding=UTF8&tag=allset-23&linkCode=as2&asin=B001J0ADWA&camp=536&creative=3132&creativeASIN=B001J0ADWA →buy]  
</div>
 
 
 
==See also==
 
 
 
* [[Expressing actions in progress]]
 
* [[Expressing actions in progress (full form)]]
 
 
 
== Sources and further reading ==
 
 
 
=== Books ===
 
 
 
* [[A Practical Chinese Grammar For Foreigners (外国人实用汉语语法) ]] (pp. 414 - 423) [http://www.amazon.cn/mn/detailApp?_encoding=UTF8&tag=allset-23&linkCode=as2&asin=B001J0ADWA&camp=536&creative=3132&creativeASIN=B001J0ADWA →buy]  
 
 
* [[Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition]] (pp. 89) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0415372615/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399369&creativeASIN=0415372615 →buy]
 
* [[Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition]] (pp. 89) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0415372615/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399369&creativeASIN=0415372615 →buy]
 
* [[Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar]] (pp. 217 - 225) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0520066103?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0520066103 →buy]
 
* [[Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar]] (pp. 217 - 225) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0520066103?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0520066103 →buy]
Line 163: Line 55:
 
* [[Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 2]] (p. 17) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0887276881/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0887276881 →buy]
 
* [[Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 2]] (p. 17) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0887276881/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0887276881 →buy]
 
* [[New Practical Chinese Reader 2 (新实用汉语课本2)]] (pp. 238-9) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/7561911297/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399369&creativeASIN=7561911297 →buy]
 
* [[New Practical Chinese Reader 2 (新实用汉语课本2)]] (pp. 238-9) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/7561911297/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399369&creativeASIN=7561911297 →buy]
*[[40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课上册)]] (p. 255)[http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B001FTL8D8/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B001FTL8D8&linkCode=as2&tag=allset-20 →buy]
+
*[[40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课上册)]] (p. 255)[http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B001FTL8D8/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B001FTL8D8&linkCode=as2&tag=allset-20 →buy]\r\n=== Websites ===\r\n* About.com: [http://mandarin.about.com/od/grammar/a/aspect.htm Mandarin Chinese Aspect]
 
 
=== Websites ===
 
 
 
* About.com: [http://mandarin.about.com/od/grammar/a/aspect.htm Mandarin Chinese Aspect]
 
 
* ChinesePod: [http://chinesepod.com/lessons/the-%E7%9D%80-zhe-chronicles-how-we-verb Qing Wen - The 着 (zhe) Chronicles: How We Verb] (free content)
 
* ChinesePod: [http://chinesepod.com/lessons/the-%E7%9D%80-zhe-chronicles-how-we-verb Qing Wen - The 着 (zhe) Chronicles: How We Verb] (free content)
 
* ChinesePod: [http://chinesepod.com/lessons/the-%E7%9D%80-zhe-chronicles-actions-in-progress Qing Wen - The 着 (zhe) Chronicles: Actions in Progress] (free content)
 
* ChinesePod: [http://chinesepod.com/lessons/the-%E7%9D%80-zhe-chronicles-actions-in-progress Qing Wen - The 着 (zhe) Chronicles: Actions in Progress] (free content)

Revision as of 06:10, 26 November 2013

\r\nThe particle 着 (zhe) is one way of indicating the continuous aspect in Mandarin Chinese (another common way is using the adverb 在 in front of verbs). You may have heard that the Chinese particle 着 added onto the end of verbs is similar to the use of -ing in English. This isn't particularly helpful, however, because the use of 着 in Chinese is not nearly so frequent, and can also be quite idiomatic.\r\n== Basic Structure ==\r\n

\r\nVerb + 着\r\n

\r\n== Examples ==\r\nSome examples:\r\n

\r\n* 我 来 读 信,你 听You need to listen while I'm reading this letter.
  • 这 家 饭店 还 开 This restaurant is still open.
  • 我们 站 说话 吧。We talk while standing.
  • 不要 躺 看书 。Don't read while lying down.\r\n

\r\n== 着 for a continuous state ==\r\nWhile it's true that the "full progressive pattern" can make use of 着, this is not a pattern you're going to want to use all the time. For example, if you want to say "I'm reading," you have these two choices:\r\n

  • 看 书 。(This is the natural, easy way to say it.)
  • 正 在(This seems a bit much, and isn't very natural.)

\r\nThe first one is fine, but the second one is definitely odd, and unnecessarily wordy. So there's no need to intentionally construct such long, unwieldy structures. For this kind of usage (which corresponds pretty closely to the "-ing" in English which we mentioned before), you're better off avoiding 着.\r\nThere are, however, other uses of 着 which are needed. When you're talking about "states" which don't involve any continuous action, or actually doing anything, you're going to want to use 着 instead of 在. Some examples:\r\n

\r\n{| class="wikitable" style="width:52em"

|+着 Expressing an Ongoing State ! scope="col" width="10%" | Verb + 着 ! scope="col" width="90%" | Explanation |- | 开 || 开 alone can mean "to open" or "to turn on." Adding 着 allows one to express that something "is open" or "is on.". |- | 关 || 关 alone can mean "to close" or "to turn off." Adding 着 allows one to express that something "is closed" or "is off." |- | 带 || 带 alone means "to carry." Adding 着 allows one to express that one "is carrying" or "has" something (on one's person). |- | 坐 || 坐 alone means "to sit." Adding 着 allows one to express that someone "is sitting" ("在坐" is awkward, because it's not a real action). |- | 躺 || 躺 alone means "to lie on one's back." Adding 着 allows one to express that someone "is lying down."

|}\r\n

\r\nNow let's see these in action:\r\n

\r\n
  • 房间 里 灯 关 ("Being off" is a state, so using 着 is natural.)
  • 房间 里 灯 关 。 ("Being off" is not an action, so don't use 在.)
\r\n
  • 我 带 护照。 ("Having your passport (on you)" is a state, so using 着 is natural.)
  • 带 护照 。 ("Having your passport (on you)" is not an action, so don't use 在.)
\r\n
  • 她 坐 吗 ? ("Be sitting" is a state, so using 着 is natural.)
  • 坐 吗 ? ("Be sitting" is not an action (plus "在坐" is likely to be mistaken for the action "在做"), so don't use 在.)
\r\n
  • 最 舒服 。 ("Lying here" is a state, so using 着 is natural.)
  • 躺 最 舒服 。 ("Lying here" is not strictly an action, so don't use 在.)
\r\n

\r\n== 着 for doing an action in a particular state ==\r\nIf you do an action while in a particular state, you can make use of this pattern:\r\n

\r\nVerb1 + 着 + Verb2\r\n

\r\nNote that the first verb (followed by 着) describes the state; the second verb is the action verb. In this case, the "-ing" translation can be useful.\r\n

\r\n* 站 吃饭 "standing + eat = eating while standing"
  • 音乐健身 "listening to music + work out = listening to music while working out
  • 说话 "crying + speak = speaking while crying\r\n

\r\nNote: If you want to make a sentence where both verbs are action verbs (neither is truly a state), then you don't want this pattern, you want 一边⋯⋯,一边⋯⋯.\r\n== 着 Used Idiomatically ==\r\nCertain verbs tend to take 着 more frequently than others, and exactly what the 着 is doing might not be apparent at all. It's best to think of these usages as colloquialisms. You can even think of them as set phrases.\r\n

\r\n{| class="wikitable" style="width:52em"

|+着 Used Idiomatically ! scope="col" width="10%" | Verb + 着 ! scope="col" width="55%" | Explanation ! scope="col" width="35%" | Example |- | 听 || "to listen to" (essentially the same as 听) || 你 听 。 |- | 拿 || "to hold" (essentially the same as 拿) || 这个 你 拿 。 |- | 等 || "to wait" (essentially the same as 等) || 你们 继续 等

|}\r\n

\r\nThere's also one colloquial usage of 着 that's been chosen by at least one textbook for special treatment, so we'll cover it here as well:\r\n

\r\nVerb + 着 + 玩儿\r\n

\r\nThis pattern may look like that "doing an action in a particular state" pattern already covered above, but in practice it doesn't really work that way. It just means "[Verb] for fun" or "[Verb] as a joke."\r\nExamples of this usage:\r\n

\r\n* 我 不 是 认真 的,我 是 闹 玩儿。I'm not very serious, I like to have a lot of fun.
  • 我 听不懂 英文 歌,只 是 听 玩儿。I don't understand English songs. I just listen for fun.
  • 你不要生气了,我刚才是说 玩儿的!Don't be mad.I was just joking.\r\n

\r\n==See also==\r\n* Expressing actions in progress

  • Expressing actions in progress (full form)\r\n== Sources and further reading ==\r\n=== Books ===\r\n* A Practical Chinese Grammar For Foreigners (外国人实用汉语语法) (pp. 414 - 423) →buy
  • Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition (pp. 89) →buy
  • Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar (pp. 217 - 225) →buy
  • Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 242-3) →buy
  • Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 2 (p. 17) →buy
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