Difference between revisions of "Reference:Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition"
 
(21 intermediate revisions by 4 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
−
== Introduction ==
+
<span class="plainlinks">[http://amzn.to/2h67UYa <img border="0" class="alignright" src="http://ws-na.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=0415372615&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=US&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=allset-20" >]</span>
 +
[http://amzn.to/2h67UYa Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition] by Yip Po-Ching, Don Rimmington
 +
 
 +
<blockquote>This new edition of Chinese: An Essential Grammar is an up-to-date and concise reference guide to modern Chinese grammar.</blockquote>
 +
 
 +
<blockquote>Jargon free, it presents an accessible description of the language, focusing on the real patterns of use today. This Grammar aims to serve as a reference source for the learner and user of Chinese, irrespective of level, setting out the complexities of the language in short, readable sections.</blockquote>
 +
 
 +
<blockquote>It is ideal either for independent study or for students in schools, colleges, universities and adult classes of all types.</blockquote>
 +
 
 +
<blockquote>Features include:
 +
 
 +
*a new chapter on paragraph development
 +
*Chinese characters, as well as the pinyin romanization, alongside all examples
 +
*literal and colloquial translations in English to illustrate language points
 +
*detailed contents list and index for easy access to information
 +
*a glossary of grammatical terms.
 +
</blockquote>
 +
 
 +
== Grammar Points by Chapter ==
 +
 
 +
=== Introduction ===
 
The Chinese Language
 
The Chinese Language
  
Line 5: Line 25:
  
 
The Chinese vocabulary
 
The Chinese vocabulary
−
== Part I Nouns ==
+
=== Part I Nouns ===
 
Introduction
 
Introduction
 
# Nouns
 
# Nouns
Line 13: Line 33:
 
### The plural suffix-men
 
### The plural suffix-men
 
### Nouns and definite or indefinite reference
 
### Nouns and definite or indefinite reference
 +
## Nouns and conjunctions
 +
## Common nouns: countability
 
# Numerals and nouns  
 
# Numerals and nouns  
−
## Cardinal numbers
+
## [[Structure of numbers | Cardinal numbers]]
−
### Two forms of the number two
+
### [[Er and liang | Two forms of the number two]]
−
## Ordinal numbers
+
## [[Ordinal numbers | Ordinal numbers]]
 
## 'Half'
 
## 'Half'
−
## Fractions, percentages, decimals, multiples, and 'every'
+
## [[Expressing Fractions with "fenzhi" | Fractions]], percentages, decimals, multiples, and [[Pronoun "mei" for "every" | 'every']]
 
## Approximation
 
## Approximation
 
# Measures for nouns
 
# Measures for nouns
−
## Measures and gè
+
## [[Measure word ge | Measures and gè]]
−
## Other measure words
+
## [[Measure words for counting|Other measure words]]
 
## Abstract nouns
 
## Abstract nouns
 
## Material nouns
 
## Material nouns
 
## Collective nouns
 
## Collective nouns
 
# Pronouns
 
# Pronouns
−
## Personal pronouns
+
## [[Personal pronouns | Personal pronouns]]
−
## Possessive pronounce
+
## [[Possessive pronouns | Possessive pronouns]]
−
## Demonstrative pronouns
+
## [[Demonstrative pronouns | Demonstrative pronouns]]
−
## Interrogative pronouns
+
## [[Interrogative pronouns | Interrogative pronouns]]
 
## Other pronouns
 
## Other pronouns
 
## Pronouns and conjunctions
 
## Pronouns and conjunctions
Line 37: Line 59:
 
## Adjectives as attributives
 
## Adjectives as attributives
 
### Monosyllabic adjectives
 
### Monosyllabic adjectives
−
### Polysyllabic adjectives and de
+
### [[Modifying nouns with adjective + de | Polysyllabic adjectives and de]]
 
### Disyllabic adjectives and de
 
### Disyllabic adjectives and de
 
## Nominal attributives
 
## Nominal attributives
 
### Nominal attributives and de
 
### Nominal attributives and de
−
## Prepositional and postpositional phrases as attributives
+
## [[Modifying nouns with phrase + de | Prepositional and postpositional phrases as attributives]]
−
## Verbal phrases or clauses as attributives
+
## [[Modifying nouns with phrase + de | Verbal phrases or clauses as attributives]]
 
## The order of sequential attributives
 
## The order of sequential attributives
 
## Demonstrative and numeral phrases with other attributives
 
## Demonstrative and numeral phrases with other attributives
Line 49: Line 71:
 
## Omission of the noun following an attributive
 
## Omission of the noun following an attributive
 
## Attributives in word-formation
 
## Attributives in word-formation
−
== Part II Verbs ==
+
 
 +
=== Part II Verbs ===
 
Introduction
 
Introduction
 
# Adjectival and nominal predicates; the verb shì
 
# Adjectival and nominal predicates; the verb shì
 
## Adjectival predicates
 
## Adjectival predicates
−
## Adjectival predicates and the verb 'to be'
+
## [[Simple "noun + adjective" sentences | Adjectival predicates and the verb 'to be' ]]
 
### Adjectival predicates and degree adverbs
 
### Adjectival predicates and degree adverbs
 
### Adjectival predicates in the negative
 
### Adjectival predicates in the negative
 
### Adjectival predicates followed by verbs
 
### Adjectival predicates followed by verbs
−
## Non-gradable adjectives as attributives  
+
## [[Shi... de construction # Basic 是 ... 的 structure | Non-gradable adjectives as attributives ]]
−
### Attributives of shape, colour or material
+
### [[Shi... de construction # Basic 是 ... 的 structure | Attributives of shape, colour or material]]
−
## Nominal and pronominal predicates
+
## [[Connecting nouns with "shi" | Nominal and pronominal predicates]]
 
### Verbs resembling shì
 
### Verbs resembling shì
 
### Nominal predicates without a copula
 
### Nominal predicates without a copula
Line 66: Line 89:
 
## The functions of yǒu
 
## The functions of yǒu
 
### Yǒu indicating possession
 
### Yǒu indicating possession
−
### Měi as negative of yǒu
+
### [[Negation of "you" | Měi as negative of yǒu]]
 
### Yǒu indicating change or development
 
### Yǒu indicating change or development
 
### Yǒu forming idiomatic expressions
 
### Yǒu forming idiomatic expressions
 
### Yǒu introducing adjectival predicates
 
### Yǒu introducing adjectival predicates
−
## Comparison
+
## [[Basic comparisons with "bi" | Comparison]]
 
### Emphatic or specific comparison
 
### Emphatic or specific comparison
 
### Negative comparison
 
### Negative comparison
−
### Comparison: equivalence or similarity
+
### [[Basic comparisons with "yiyang" | Comparison: equivalence or similarity]]
 
## Comparatives and superlatives
 
## Comparatives and superlatives
 
# Verbs and aspect markers
 
# Verbs and aspect markers
Line 79: Line 102:
 
## Action verbs
 
## Action verbs
 
## Aspect markers
 
## Aspect markers
−
### Le
+
### [[Expressing completion with "le" | Le]]
−
### Guo
+
### [[Expressing experience with "guo" | Guo]]
−
### Zài
+
### [[Expressing actions in progress | Zài]]
−
### Zhe
+
###[[Measure words to differentiate|Zhe]]
 
## State verb
 
## State verb
 
## Dative verbs  
 
## Dative verbs  
Line 88: Line 111:
 
### Dative verbs and aspect markers
 
### Dative verbs and aspect markers
 
## Causative verbs
 
## Causative verbs
−
## Imperatives
+
## [[Suggestions with ba | Imperatives]]
 
### Polite requests
 
### Polite requests
 
### Imperatives and aspect markers
 
### Imperatives and aspect markers
Line 98: Line 121:
 
# Verbs and time
 
# Verbs and time
 
## Time expressions  
 
## Time expressions  
−
## Point of time expressions
+
## [[Time words and word order | Point of time expressions]]
 
### Detailed time expressions
 
### Detailed time expressions
 
## Point-of-time expressions incorporating verbal phrases
 
## Point-of-time expressions incorporating verbal phrases
 
## Imprecise points of time
 
## Imprecise points of time
 
## Indefinite points of time
 
## Indefinite points of time
−
## Frequency expressions with měi
+
## [[Expressing "Every" with "mei" and "dou" | Frequency expressions with měi]]
 
## Time expressions in existence sentences
 
## Time expressions in existence sentences
 
### Time expressions in emergence or disappearance sentences
 
### Time expressions in emergence or disappearance sentences
 
# Verbs and location
 
# Verbs and location
−
## Location expressions
+
## [["Zai" following verbs | Location expressions]]
−
## Zài and postpositional phrases
+
## [[Location nouns | Zài and postpositional phrases]]
 
### Disyllabic postpositions
 
### Disyllabic postpositions
 
### Disyllabic postpositions as location pronouns
 
### Disyllabic postpositions as location pronouns
−
## Simple location sentences
+
## [[Expressing existence in a place | Simple location sentences]]
−
## Location phrases in existence sentences
+
## [[Expressing existence in a place | Location phrases modifying main verbs]]
 +
## [[Expressing existence with "you" | Location phrases in existence sentences]]
 
### Shì in existence sentences
 
### Shì in existence sentences
−
### Zhe in existence sentences
+
### [[Aspect particle "zhe" | Zhe in existence sentences]]
 
## Le in emergence or disappearance sentences
 
## Le in emergence or disappearance sentences
−
## Order of sequence of time and location phrases
+
## [[Word order # Adding extra information to a sentence | Order of sequence of time and location phrases]]
 
# Verbs: duration and frequency
 
# Verbs: duration and frequency
−
## Duration expressions
+
## [[Expressing duration | Duration expressions]]
 
### Duration expressions and noun objects
 
### Duration expressions and noun objects
 
### Repetition of the verb in a noun-object-duration structure
 
### Repetition of the verb in a noun-object-duration structure
Line 126: Line 150:
 
## Brief duration
 
## Brief duration
 
### Brief duration and instrumental objects
 
### Brief duration and instrumental objects
−
## Frequency expressions
+
## [[Verb measure words | Frequency expressions]]
 
# Verbs and complements
 
# Verbs and complements
 
## Complements
 
## Complements
−
## Complements of result
+
## [[Result complement | Complements of result]]
−
## Potential complements
+
## [[Potential complement | Potential complements]]
 
### Potential complements using direction indicators
 
### Potential complements using direction indicators
 
### Metaphorical meanings of potential complements
 
### Metaphorical meanings of potential complements
Line 139: Line 163:
 
### Adjectival complements of manner in comparisons
 
### Adjectival complements of manner in comparisons
 
### Complement-of-manner comparison with a 'verb + object' verb
 
### Complement-of-manner comparison with a 'verb + object' verb
−
## Complement of location or destination
+
## [[Location complement | Complement of location or destination]]
−
## Degree complement
+
## [[Degree complement | Degree complement]]
 
# Verbs and adverbials
 
# Verbs and adverbials
 
## Adverbials of manner
 
## Adverbials of manner
Line 163: Line 187:
 
## Intentional verbs
 
## Intentional verbs
 
### Negation of intentional verbs
 
### Negation of intentional verbs
−
== Part III Sentences ==
+
 
 +
=== Part III Sentences ===
 
Introduction
 
Introduction
 
# Statements and the sentence particle le
 
# Statements and the sentence particle le
−
## Le as a sentence particle
+
## [[Change of state with "le" | Le as a sentence particle]]
−
## Function of sentence le
+
## [[Change of state with "le" | Function of sentence le]]
 
### Summing-up function of le
 
### Summing-up function of le
 
### Le as both sentence particle and aspect marker
 
### Le as both sentence particle and aspect marker
Line 173: Line 198:
 
## Ultimate versatility of sentence le
 
## Ultimate versatility of sentence le
 
# Questions
 
# Questions
−
## Question-word questions
+
## [[Placement of question words | Question-word questions]]
 
### Zěnmeyàng
 
### Zěnmeyàng
−
### Duō in questions
+
### [[Asking about degree with "duo" | Duō in questions]]
−
### Ne in a questions
+
### [[Questions with "ne" | Ne in a questions]]
−
## General questions with ma
+
## [[Yes-no questions with ma | General questions with ma]]
 
## Surmise questions with ba
 
## Surmise questions with ba
−
## Affirmative-negative questions
+
## [[Positive negative questions | Affirmative-negative questions]]
−
## Alternative questions with háishì
+
## [["Had better" with "haishi" | Alternative questions with háishì]]
 
## Tags indicating suggestion
 
## Tags indicating suggestion
 
## Tags seeking confirmation
 
## Tags seeking confirmation
Line 187: Line 212:
 
## Dual patterning of sentence structures
 
## Dual patterning of sentence structures
 
## Subject-predicate sentences
 
## Subject-predicate sentences
−
## Topic-comment sentences
+
## [[Topic-Comment Sentences | Topic-comment sentences]]
 
### Further ways to form topic-comment
 
### Further ways to form topic-comment
 
## Topic | subject-predicate sentences
 
## Topic | subject-predicate sentences
Line 196: Line 221:
 
### Coverbs of place and time
 
### Coverbs of place and time
 
### Coverbs of methods and means
 
### Coverbs of methods and means
 +
### Coverbs of human exchange and service
 
### Coverbs of reference
 
### Coverbs of reference
 
### Coverbs and comparison
 
### Coverbs and comparison
 
## Disyllabic prepositions
 
## Disyllabic prepositions
 
# Bǎ and bèi constructions
 
# Bǎ and bèi constructions
−
## The bǎ construction and complements
+
## [[Ba sentence | The bǎ construction]]
−
### Le and zhe as complements in bǎ sentences
+
### [[Ba sentence # 把 sentences and complements | The bǎ construction and complements]]
 +
### [[Ba sentence # 把 sentences and aspect particles | Le and zhe as complements in bǎ sentences]]
 
### Bǎ and resultative complements
 
### Bǎ and resultative complements
 
### Nòng and Gǎo in bǎ sentences
 
### Nòng and Gǎo in bǎ sentences
−
### Negative bǎ sentences
+
### [[Ba sentence # Negating 把 sentences | Negative bǎ sentences]]
−
### Bǎ and mobal verbs
+
### Bǎ and modal verbs
 
### Bǎ and indefinite reference
 
### Bǎ and indefinite reference
−
## The bèi construction
+
## [[Bei sentence | The bèi construction]]
 
### Ràng and jiào
 
### Ràng and jiào
 
### The bèi construction with an agent
 
### The bèi construction with an agent
−
### Negative bèi sentences
+
### [[Bei sentence # Forming a Negative 被 Sentence | Negative bèi sentences]]
 
## The bèi construction versus the notional passives
 
## The bèi construction versus the notional passives
 
# Serial constructions
 
# Serial constructions
Line 216: Line 243:
 
## Semantic varieties in serial constructions
 
## Semantic varieties in serial constructions
 
## Adjectives or state verbs in serial constructions  
 
## Adjectives or state verbs in serial constructions  
−
## Dative constructions
+
## [[Verbs with gei | Dative constructions]]
−
## Causative constructions
+
## [[Causative verbs | Causative constructions]]
 
### Qǐng in a causative construction  
 
### Qǐng in a causative construction  
 
### Extended causative constructions  
 
### Extended causative constructions  
Line 223: Line 250:
 
# Emphasis and the intensifier shì
 
# Emphasis and the intensifier shì
 
## Shì as an intensifier
 
## Shì as an intensifier
−
## The shì… de construction
+
## [[Shi... de construction | The shì… de construction]]
 
### Subject and object emphasis in shì… de sentences
 
### Subject and object emphasis in shì… de sentences
−
### Shì… de construction and bù
+
### [[Shi... de construction # Negating 是 ... 的 | Shì… de construction and bù]]
 
## Shì without de for profession and projection
 
## Shì without de for profession and projection
 
### Contexts for shì (without de) sentences
 
### Contexts for shì (without de) sentences
Line 232: Line 259:
 
## Shì and topic-comment sentences
 
## Shì and topic-comment sentences
 
### Shì implying reservation
 
### Shì implying reservation
−
### 'Verb/Adjective + shì + Verb/Adjective' implying reservation
+
### [[Conceding a Point with "shi" | 'Verb/Adjective + shì + Verb/Adjective' implying reservation]]
 
## Repetition and emphasis
 
## Repetition and emphasis
 
# Abbreviation and omission
 
# Abbreviation and omission
Line 251: Line 278:
 
# Exclamations and interjections; appositions; and aposroghes
 
# Exclamations and interjections; appositions; and aposroghes
 
## Exclamations
 
## Exclamations
−
### Exclamations with tài
+
### [[Expressing "excessively" with tai | Exclamations with tài]]
 
### Question-word questions as exclamations
 
### Question-word questions as exclamations
−
## Interjections
+
## [[Interjections | Interjections]]
−
### Tone variations in interjections
+
### [[Interjections | Tone variations in interjections]]
 
## Appositions
 
## Appositions
 
## Apostrophe
 
## Apostrophe
−
== Part IV Paragraghs ==
+
 
 +
=== Part IV Paragraphs ===
 
Introduction
 
Introduction
−
## A diary
+
# A diary
−
## A letter
+
# A letter
−
## A dialogue
+
# A dialogue
−
## A welcome speech
+
# A welcome speech
−
## A description
+
# A description
−
## An explanatory piece of writing
+
# An explanatory piece of writing
−
## An argumentative piece of writing
+
# An argumentative piece of writing
 +
 
 +
== Grammar Point References to This Book ==
 +
 
 +
{{Print Source|Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition}}
 +
 
 +
[[Category:Grammar Index]]
 +
__FORCETOC__

Latest revision as of 02:27, 25 October 2017

Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition by Yip Po-Ching, Don Rimmington

This new edition of Chinese: An Essential Grammar is an up-to-date and concise reference guide to modern Chinese grammar.

Jargon free, it presents an accessible description of the language, focusing on the real patterns of use today. This Grammar aims to serve as a reference source for the learner and user of Chinese, irrespective of level, setting out the complexities of the language in short, readable sections.

It is ideal either for independent study or for students in schools, colleges, universities and adult classes of all types.

Features include:

  • a new chapter on paragraph development
  • Chinese characters, as well as the pinyin romanization, alongside all examples
  • literal and colloquial translations in English to illustrate language points
  • detailed contents list and index for easy access to information
  • a glossary of grammatical terms.

Grammar Points by Chapter

Introduction

The Chinese Language

Mandarin pronunciation

The Chinese vocabulary

Part I Nouns

Introduction

  1. Nouns
    1. Noun features
    2. Proper Nouns
    3. Common nouns
      1. The plural suffix-men
      2. Nouns and definite or indefinite reference
    4. Nouns and conjunctions
    5. Common nouns: countability
  2. Numerals and nouns
    1. Cardinal numbers
      1. Two forms of the number two
    2. Ordinal numbers
    3. 'Half'
    4. Fractions, percentages, decimals, multiples, and 'every'
    5. Approximation
  3. Measures for nouns
    1. Measures and gè
    2. Other measure words
    3. Abstract nouns
    4. Material nouns
    5. Collective nouns
  4. Pronouns
    1. Personal pronouns
    2. Possessive pronouns
    3. Demonstrative pronouns
    4. Interrogative pronouns
    5. Other pronouns
    6. Pronouns and conjunctions
  5. Adjectives and attributives
    1. Attributives
    2. Adjectives as attributives
      1. Monosyllabic adjectives
      2. Polysyllabic adjectives and de
      3. Disyllabic adjectives and de
    3. Nominal attributives
      1. Nominal attributives and de
    4. Prepositional and postpositional phrases as attributives
    5. Verbal phrases or clauses as attributives
    6. The order of sequential attributives
    7. Demonstrative and numeral phrases with other attributives
    8. Possessive pronoun and other attributives
    9. Ér between adjectives
    10. Omission of the noun following an attributive
    11. Attributives in word-formation

Part II Verbs

Introduction

  1. Adjectival and nominal predicates; the verb shì
    1. Adjectival predicates
    2. Adjectival predicates and the verb 'to be'
      1. Adjectival predicates and degree adverbs
      2. Adjectival predicates in the negative
      3. Adjectival predicates followed by verbs
    3. Non-gradable adjectives as attributives
      1. Attributives of shape, colour or material
    4. Nominal and pronominal predicates
      1. Verbs resembling shì
      2. Nominal predicates without a copula
    5. The copula shì in its negative form
  2. The verb yǒu; comparisons
    1. The functions of yǒu
      1. Yǒu indicating possession
      2. Měi as negative of yǒu
      3. Yǒu indicating change or development
      4. Yǒu forming idiomatic expressions
      5. Yǒu introducing adjectival predicates
    2. Comparison
      1. Emphatic or specific comparison
      2. Negative comparison
      3. Comparison: equivalence or similarity
    3. Comparatives and superlatives
  3. Verbs and aspect markers
    1. Action, state, and dative verbs
    2. Action verbs
    3. Aspect markers
      1. Le
      2. Guo
      3. Zài
      4. Zhe
    4. State verb
    5. Dative verbs
      1. Dative verbs relating to spoken activity
      2. Dative verbs and aspect markers
    6. Causative verbs
    7. Imperatives
      1. Polite requests
      2. Imperatives and aspect markers
  4. Motion verbs and direction indicators
    1. Motion verbs and simple direction indicators
    2. Motion verbs and compound direction indicators
    3. Motion verbs with metaphorical meaning
    4. Direction indicators with specific meanings
  5. Verbs and time
    1. Time expressions
    2. Point of time expressions
      1. Detailed time expressions
    3. Point-of-time expressions incorporating verbal phrases
    4. Imprecise points of time
    5. Indefinite points of time
    6. Frequency expressions with měi
    7. Time expressions in existence sentences
      1. Time expressions in emergence or disappearance sentences
  6. Verbs and location
    1. Location expressions
    2. Zài and postpositional phrases
      1. Disyllabic postpositions
      2. Disyllabic postpositions as location pronouns
    3. Simple location sentences
    4. Location phrases modifying main verbs
    5. Location phrases in existence sentences
      1. Shì in existence sentences
      2. Zhe in existence sentences
    6. Le in emergence or disappearance sentences
    7. Order of sequence of time and location phrases
  7. Verbs: duration and frequency
    1. Duration expressions
      1. Duration expressions and noun objects
      2. Repetition of the verb in a noun-object-duration structure
      3. Duration expressions and pronoun objects
      4. Duration expressions in dative construction
      5. Duration Expressions and definite reference
    2. Brief duration
      1. Brief duration and instrumental objects
    3. Frequency expressions
  8. Verbs and complements
    1. Complements
    2. Complements of result
    3. Potential complements
      1. Potential complements using direction indicators
      2. Metaphorical meanings of potential complements
    4. Complements of manner and of consequential state
      1. Modification of complement of manner
      2. Complement of consequential state
      3. Complement of manner or consequential state with a 'verb + object' verb
      4. Adjectival complements of manner in comparisons
      5. Complement-of-manner comparison with a 'verb + object' verb
    5. Complement of location or destination
    6. Degree complement
  9. Verbs and adverbials
    1. Adverbials of manner
      1. Monosyllabic adjectives as adverbials of manner
      2. Adverbials of manner with marked verbs
      3. Adverbials of manner with unmarked verbs
      4. Monosyllabic adverbial modifiers without de
      5. Particular types of adverbials of manner
    2. Attitudinal adverbial expressions
    3. Referential adverbs
    4. Referential adverbs with negatives
    5. Order of sequence of referential adverbs
    6. Order of adverbials in sequence
  10. Modal and similar verbs
    1. Modal, attitudinal, and intentional verbs
    2. Modal verbs
      1. Modal verbs and adverbs of degree
      2. Modal verbs and comparison
    3. Attitudinal verbs
      1. Wàngle and Jìde
      2. Gāoxìng
    4. Intentional verbs
      1. Negation of intentional verbs

Part III Sentences

Introduction

  1. Statements and the sentence particle le
    1. Le as a sentence particle
    2. Function of sentence le
      1. Summing-up function of le
      2. Le as both sentence particle and aspect marker
    3. Cases where sentence le is not used
    4. Ultimate versatility of sentence le
  2. Questions
    1. Question-word questions
      1. Zěnmeyàng
      2. Duō in questions
      3. Ne in a questions
    2. General questions with ma
    3. Surmise questions with ba
    4. Affirmative-negative questions
    5. Alternative questions with háishì
    6. Tags indicating suggestion
    7. Tags seeking confirmation
    8. Rhetorical questions
  3. Subject and predicate; topic and comment
    1. Dual patterning of sentence structures
    2. Subject-predicate sentences
    3. Topic-comment sentences
      1. Further ways to form topic-comment
    4. Topic | subject-predicate sentences
      1. Notional passive sentences
    5. Subject | topic-comment sentences
  4. Prepositions and coverbs
    1. Coverbs
      1. Coverbs of place and time
      2. Coverbs of methods and means
      3. Coverbs of human exchange and service
      4. Coverbs of reference
      5. Coverbs and comparison
    2. Disyllabic prepositions
  5. Bǎ and bèi constructions
    1. The bǎ construction
      1. The bǎ construction and complements
      2. Le and zhe as complements in bǎ sentences
      3. Bǎ and resultative complements
      4. Nòng and Gǎo in bǎ sentences
      5. Negative bǎ sentences
      6. Bǎ and modal verbs
      7. Bǎ and indefinite reference
    2. The bèi construction
      1. Ràng and jiào
      2. The bèi construction with an agent
      3. Negative bèi sentences
    3. The bèi construction versus the notional passives
  6. Serial constructions
    1. General features of serial constructions
    2. Semantic varieties in serial constructions
    3. Adjectives or state verbs in serial constructions
    4. Dative constructions
    5. Causative constructions
      1. Qǐng in a causative construction
      2. Extended causative constructions
    6. Extended serial constructions
  7. Emphasis and the intensifier shì
    1. Shì as an intensifier
    2. The shì… de construction
      1. Subject and object emphasis in shì… de sentences
      2. Shì… de construction and bù
    3. Shì without de for profession and projection
      1. Contexts for shì (without de) sentences
      2. Shì and comparison
      3. Shì and negation
    4. Shì and topic-comment sentences
      1. Shì implying reservation
      2. 'Verb/Adjective + shì + Verb/Adjective' implying reservation
    5. Repetition and emphasis
  8. Abbreviation and omission
    1. Three types of abbreviation
    2. Conventional abbreviations as a subjectless sentences
    3. Contextual abbreviation
    4. Cotextual omissions
      1. Cotextual omissions and headwords
      2. Cotextual omissions in answers
      3. Contextual/cotextual omissions in extended passages
  9. Composite sentences: conjunctions and conjunctives
    1. Types of composite sentences
    2. Conjunctions and conjunctives
      1. Meanings and functions of composite sentences
      2. Paired conjunctives
    3. Composite sentences as parallel structures
    4. Verbs taking object clauses
  10. Exclamations and interjections; appositions; and aposroghes
    1. Exclamations
      1. Exclamations with tài
      2. Question-word questions as exclamations
    2. Interjections
      1. Tone variations in interjections
    3. Appositions
    4. Apostrophe

Part IV Paragraphs

Introduction

  1. A diary
  2. A letter
  3. A dialogue
  4. A welcome speech
  5. A description
  6. An explanatory piece of writing
  7. An argumentative piece of writing

Grammar Point References to This Book

Retrieved from "https://resources.allsetlearning.com/gramwiki/?title=Reference:Chinese:_An_Essential_Grammar,_Second_Edition&oldid=36109"