Difference between revisions of "State complement"
m (Text replacement - "{{HSK|HSK2}}" to "{{HSK|HSK2}}{{2021-HSK|HSK2}}")
 
(31 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
 
{{AKA|状态补语 (zhuàngtài bǔyǔ)|情态补语 (qíngtài bǔyǔ)|complement of state}}
 
{{AKA|状态补语 (zhuàngtài bǔyǔ)|情态补语 (qíngtài bǔyǔ)|complement of state}}
  
−
State complements describe an achieved state of an action. State complements are usually adjective phrases (adverb + adjective) but can take the form of verbal phrases, subject-predicate phrase or other complements. State complements that are adjective phrases often look the same as degree complements and thus often lumped together with degree complements in textbooks. <!-- However, often state complements take a very distinct form of complement (such as entire verb phrases that serve as state complements) which is why they are sometimes categorized as a distinct form of complement. State complement phrases can be quite complex, at times having entire complement phrases act as the state complement. It may be useful to think of more complex complement phrases as meaning "(verb) to the point of (complement)." -->
+
State complements describe an achieved state of an action. State complements are usually [[adjective phrase]]s ([[adverb]] + [[adjective]]) but can take the form of [[verb phrase]]s, subject-predicate phrases, or other [[complement]]s. State complements that are adjective phrases often look the same as degree complements and thus are often lumped together with [[degree complement]]s in textbooks. <!-- However, often state complements take a very distinct form of complement (such as entire verb phrases that serve as state complements) which is why they are sometimes categorized as a distinct form of complement. State complement phrases can be quite complex, at times having entire complement phrases act as the state complement. It may be useful to think of more complex complement phrases as meaning "(verb) to the point of (complement)." -->
  
−
== Adjective Phrases as State Complements ==
+
== Adjective as State Complements ==
  
 
In a state complement phrase, the verb must be followed by 得, and then the complement follows. The most common type of state complement, where the complement is an adjective phrase, is formed by placing the adjective phrase after 得.  
 
In a state complement phrase, the verb must be followed by 得, and then the complement follows. The most common type of state complement, where the complement is an adjective phrase, is formed by placing the adjective phrase after 得.  
 +
 +
Sometimes there is also an adverb before the adjective, such as 很, 非常, 不太, 有点, etc.
  
 
=== Structure ===
 
=== Structure ===
  
 
<div class="jiegou">
 
<div class="jiegou">
−
 
+
Verb / Adj. + 得 + State Complement
−
Subject + Verb + 得 + Complement
 
−
 
 
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
Line 19: Line 19:
 
<div class="liju">
 
<div class="liju">
  
−
*她 <strong>来</strong> <em>得 很 晚</em> 。
+
*她 <strong>来</strong> <em>得 有点 晚</em> 。<span class="trans">She came a little late.</span>
−
*孩子们 <strong>玩</strong> <em>得 很 开心</em>  。
+
*老师 今天 <strong>穿</strong> <em>得 非常 漂亮</em> 。<span class="trans">The teacher dressed very nicely today.</span>
−
*我 昨天 <strong>睡</strong> <em>得 不 太 好</em> 。
+
*孩子们 <strong>玩</strong> <em>得 很 开心</em>  。<span class="trans">The kids are having lots of fun.</span>
 +
*我 昨天 <strong>睡</strong> <em>得 不 太 好</em> 。<span class="trans">I didn't sleep very well yesterday.</span>
 +
*哪个 城市 <strong>发展</strong> <em>得 最 快</em> ？<span class="trans">Which city has developed most rapidly?</span>
  
 
</div>
 
</div>
Line 29: Line 31:
 
<div class="liju">
 
<div class="liju">
  
−
*我 弟弟 <strong>做</strong> 作业 <strong>做</strong> <em>得 很 慢</em> 。<span class="pinyin">Wǒ dìdi <strong>zuò</strong> zuòyè <strong>zuò</strong> <em> de hěn màn</em>.</span><span class="trans">My younger brother does his homework very slowly.</span>
+
*弟弟 <strong>做</strong> 作业 <strong>做</strong> <em>得 很 慢</em> 。<span class="trans">My younger brother does his homework very slowly.</span>
−
*他 <strong>吃</strong> 东西 <strong>吃</strong> <em>得 很 快</em> 。<span class="trans">He eats very fast.</span>
+
*他 <strong>打</strong> 篮球 <strong>打</strong> <em>得 非常 好</em> 。<span class="trans">He is very good at basketball.</span>
 +
*妈妈 <strong>洗</strong> 衣服 <strong>洗</strong> <em>得 干 不 干净</em> ？<span class="trans">Did mother wash the clothes well [get them clean]?</span>
 +
*我们 班 谁 <strong>说</strong> 汉语 <strong>说</strong> <em>得 最 流利</em> ？<span class="trans">Who speaks Chinese most fluently in our class?</span>
 +
 
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
−
== Verb Phrases and other Complements as State Complements ==
+
== Verb Phrases as State Complements ==
  
−
Verb phrases (VP), subject-predicate phrases (SP) and other [[complements]] can also serve as complements of state. As with adjective phrase state complements, they can describe a state that arose from the action of the main verb in the sentence. Some examples:
+
Verb phrases (VP), subject-predicate phrases (SP) can also serve as complements of state. As with adjective phrase state complements, they can describe a state that arose from the action of the main verb in the sentence.  
 +
 
 +
=== Structure ===
 +
 
 +
<div class="jiegou">
 +
Verb / Adj. + 得 + State Complement
 +
</div>
 +
 
 +
=== Examples ===
  
 
<div class="liju">
 
<div class="liju">
  
−
*他们 <strong>唱</strong>歌 <strong>唱</strong> 得 <em>忘 了 时间</em> 。 <span class="expl">Here the state complement is a verb phrase and expresses the state to which the subject got caught up in their singing activities (probably at KTV).</span><span class="trans">They sang to the point where they lost track of time.</span>
+
*我 <strong>累</strong> <em>得 不 想 说话 </em>。 <span class="trans">I was so tired that I didn't want to talk.</span>
−
*爷爷 <strong>看</strong> 电视 <strong>看</strong> 得 <em>睡着 了</em> 。 <span class="trans">This room is filled to the point that you are unable to fit more stuff.</span>
+
*我 的 牙 <strong>疼</strong> <em>得 我 睡 不 着</em> 。 <span class="trans">My teeth aches to the point where I can't sleep.</span>
−
*我 <strong>激动</strong> 得 <em>大叫 起来</em> 。<span class="expl">The state complement in this example is used to describe the state of excitement the subject has arrived at.</span><span class="trans">I was excited to point of screaming out.</span>
+
*听到 这个 消息 ，她 <strong>激动</strong> <em>得 哭 了 起来</em> 。<span class="trans">Hearing this news, she was excited to point where she started crying.</span>
  
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
−
== State Complements in Questions ==
+
== More Advanced State Complements ==
  
−
You can form questions with sentences containing result complements just as you would with any other sentence:
+
=== Structure ===
  
−
* With a [[Interrogative Sentences#Question particles|question particle]]
+
<div class="jiegou">
−
* With a [[Word order#Using question words in a Chinese sentence|question word]]
+
Verb / Adj. + 得 + State Complement
−
* With [[Interrogative Sentences#Positive-negative questions|positive-negative inversion]]
+
</div>
  
−
Some examples:
+
=== Examples ===
  
 
<div class="liju">
 
<div class="liju">
  
−
* 你 <strong>来</strong> <em>得 很早 吗</em> ？<span class="trans">Did you arrive very early?</span>
+
*天气 <strong>热</strong> <em> 得 我 只 想 待 在 空调 房 里 </em> 。<span class="trans">The weather is hot to the point where I only want to stay in the room with AC.</span>
−
* 你 <strong>做</strong> <em>得 很好 吗</em> ？<span class="trans">Did you do it well?</span>
+
*地铁 <strong>挤</strong> <em> 得 有的 人 下 不 去 </em> 。<span class="trans">The metro was crowded to the point where some people couldn't get off.</span>
−
 
+
*他 <strong>忙</strong> 得 <em>忘 了 给 女儿 买 生日 礼物</em> 。 <span class="trans">He's so busy that he forgot to buy her daughter a birthday present.</span>
−
* 谁 <strong>玩</strong> <em>得 最 高兴</em> ？<span class="trans">Who had the most fun?</span>
 
−
* 什么 地方 <strong>发展</strong> <em>得 很 好</em> ？<span class="trans">What place has developed nicely?</span>
 
−
 
 
−
* <strong>睡</strong> <em>得 好 不 好</em> ？<span class="trans">Are you sleeping well?</span>
 
−
* 衣服 <strong>洗</strong> <em>得 干净 不 干净</em> ？<span class="trans">Was the clothing washed well [clean]?</span>
 
  
 
</div>
 
</div>
Line 72: Line 80:
 
=== Books ===
 
=== Books ===
  
 +
{{Source|HSK Standard Course 2|92}}
 +
{{Source|HSK Standard Course 3|138}}
 
* [[New Practical Chinese Reader 2 (新实用汉语课本2)]] (pp. 15-6) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/7561911297/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399369&creativeASIN=7561911297 →buy]
 
* [[New Practical Chinese Reader 2 (新实用汉语课本2)]] (pp. 15-6) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/7561911297/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399369&creativeASIN=7561911297 →buy]
 
   
 
   
Line 82: Line 92:
  
 
* About Chinese Language, XCN Chinese [http://www.xcn-chinese.com/app/showarticle.asp?id=2169&includeid=&siteid= The Complement of State]
 
* About Chinese Language, XCN Chinese [http://www.xcn-chinese.com/app/showarticle.asp?id=2169&includeid=&siteid= The Complement of State]
 +
* [http://www.doc88.com/p-9069095291857.html 现代汉语中程度补语的范围及类别]
 +
* [http://www.docin.com/p-1196439776.html 带“得”字程度补语和状态补语的比较分析]
  
 
[[Category:Complements]]
 
[[Category:Complements]]
 +
{{HSK|HSK2}}{{2021-HSK|HSK2}}
 +
{{HSK|HSK3}}

Latest revision as of 08:58, 21 April 2021

Also known as: 状态补语 (zhuàngtài bǔyǔ), 情态补语 (qíngtài bǔyǔ) and complement of state.

State complements describe an achieved state of an action. State complements are usually adjective phrases (adverb + adjective) but can take the form of verb phrases, subject-predicate phrases, or other complements. State complements that are adjective phrases often look the same as degree complements and thus are often lumped together with degree complements in textbooks.

Adjective as State Complements

In a state complement phrase, the verb must be followed by 得, and then the complement follows. The most common type of state complement, where the complement is an adjective phrase, is formed by placing the adjective phrase after 得.

Sometimes there is also an adverb before the adjective, such as 很, 非常, 不太, 有点, etc.

Structure

Verb / Adj. + 得 + State Complement

Examples

  • 她 来 得 有点 晚 。She came a little late.
  • 老师 今天 穿 得 非常 漂亮 。The teacher dressed very nicely today.
  • 孩子们 玩 得 很 开心 。The kids are having lots of fun.
  • 我 昨天 睡 得 不 太 好 。I didn't sleep very well yesterday.
  • 哪个 城市 发展 得 最 快 ？Which city has developed most rapidly?

If the verb taking a complement also has an object, you can repeat the verb: once for the object, then once for the complement:

  • 弟弟 做 作业 做 得 很 慢 。My younger brother does his homework very slowly.
  • 他 打 篮球 打 得 非常 好 。He is very good at basketball.
  • 妈妈 洗 衣服 洗 得 干 不 干净 ？Did mother wash the clothes well [get them clean]?
  • 我们 班 谁 说 汉语 说 得 最 流利 ？Who speaks Chinese most fluently in our class?

Verb Phrases as State Complements

Verb phrases (VP), subject-predicate phrases (SP) can also serve as complements of state. As with adjective phrase state complements, they can describe a state that arose from the action of the main verb in the sentence.

Structure

Verb / Adj. + 得 + State Complement

Examples

  • 我 累 得 不 想 说话 。 I was so tired that I didn't want to talk.
  • 我 的 牙 疼 得 我 睡 不 着 。 My teeth aches to the point where I can't sleep.
  • 听到 这个 消息 ，她 激动 得 哭 了 起来 。Hearing this news, she was excited to point where she started crying.

More Advanced State Complements

Structure

Verb / Adj. + 得 + State Complement

Examples

  • 天气 热 得 我 只 想 待 在 空调 房 里 。The weather is hot to the point where I only want to stay in the room with AC.
  • 地铁 挤 得 有的 人 下 不 去 。The metro was crowded to the point where some people couldn't get off.
  • 他 忙 得 忘 了 给 女儿 买 生日 礼物 。 He's so busy that he forgot to buy her daughter a birthday present.

References and Further Reading

Books

Websites

Retrieved from "https://resources.allsetlearning.com/gramwiki/?title=State_complement&oldid=49036"