Difference between revisions of "Result complements "-dao" and "-jian""
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{{Grammar Box}} | {{Grammar Box}} | ||
| − | Two of the most common result complements in Chinese are 到 (dào) and 见 (jiàn). On this page we're only going to be talking about verbs related to the senses ("see," hear," etc.), and for this usage, the two are interchangeable. | + | Two of the most common result complements in Chinese are 到 (dào) and 见 (jiàn). On this page we're only going to be talking about verbs related to the senses ("see," "hear," etc.), and for this usage, the two are interchangeable. |
| − | == | + | == Verbs with 到 (dào) and 见 (jiàn) == |
=== Structure === | === Structure === | ||
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</div> | </div> | ||
| − | What 到 (dào) does is indicate that the outcome of the verb is achieved - what its ''result'' is. Without a result complement, the sentence would describe only the action itself. To illustrate, 看 (kàn) "to look" is the action of turning your head in a particular direction and focusing your eyes, whereas 看到 ( | + | What 到 (dào) does is indicate that the outcome of the verb is achieved - what its ''result'' is. Without a result complement, the sentence would describe only the action itself. To illustrate, 看 (kàn) "to look" is the action of turning your head in a particular direction and focusing your eyes, whereas 看到 (kàndào), "to see," is the result of your brain taking in the visual input. It may sound a little hokey, but it really is possible to "look but not see," and Chinese makes a clear distinction between the action and the result. |
The complement 见 (jiàn) is very similar to 到 (dào), and it is used in the same way: | The complement 见 (jiàn) is very similar to 到 (dào), and it is used in the same way: | ||
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</div> | </div> | ||
| − | However, there is a difference. 见 (jiàn) is generally ''only'' used after verbs involving one of the senses, like 听 (tīng) and 看 (kàn), whereas 到 (dào) can be attached to a large variety of verbs | + | However, there is a difference. 见 (jiàn) is generally ''only'' used after verbs involving one of the senses, like 听 (tīng) and 看 (kàn), whereas 到 (dào) can be attached to a large variety of verbs, which we will discuss [[Tricky uses of "dao"|at a higher level later]]. |
=== Examples === | === Examples === | ||
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<div class="liju"> | <div class="liju"> | ||
| − | * 你 <strong>看</strong> <em>见</em> 那 个 帅哥 了 吗 ？ <span class="pinyin">Nǐ <strong>kàn</strong> <em>jiàn</em> | + | * 你 <strong>看</strong> <em>见</em> 那 个 帅哥 了 吗 ？ <span class="pinyin">Nǐ <strong>kàn</strong><em>jiàn</em> nàge shuàigē le ma?</span> |
| − | * 你 <strong>看</strong> <em>到</em> 那 个 帅哥 了 吗 ？ <span class="pinyin">Nǐ <strong>kàn</strong> <em>dào</em> | + | * 你 <strong>看</strong><em>到</em> 那 个 帅哥 了 吗 ？ <span class="pinyin">Nǐ <strong>kàn</strong><em>dào</em> nàge shuàigē le ma?</span><span class="trans">Did you see that handsome guy?</span> |
</div> | </div> | ||
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<div class="liju"> | <div class="liju"> | ||
| − | * 我 <strong>看</strong> <em>见</em> 了 。 <span class="expl">We didn't say what "I" saw; you have to | + | * 我 <strong>看</strong> <em>见</em> 了 。 <span class="expl">We didn't say what "I" saw; you have to infer it from the context.</span><span class="pinyin">Wǒ <strong>kàn</strong><em>jiàn</em> le.</span> |
| − | * 我 <strong>看</strong> <em>到</em> 了 。 <span class="pinyin">Wǒ <strong>kàn</strong> <em>dào</em> le.</span> <span class="trans">I saw | + | * 我 <strong>看</strong> <em>到</em> 了 。 <span class="pinyin">Wǒ <strong>kàn</strong><em>dào</em> le.</span><span class="trans">I saw it.</span> |
</div> | </div> | ||
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<div class="liju"> | <div class="liju"> | ||
| − | * 你 <strong>听</strong> <em>见</em> 了 吗 ？ <span class="pinyin">Nǐ <strong>tīng</strong> <em>jiàn</em> le ma | + | * 你 <strong>听</strong> <em>见</em> 了 吗 ？ <span class="pinyin">Nǐ <strong>tīng</strong><em>jiàn</em> le ma?</span> |
| − | * 你 <strong>听</strong> <em>到</em> 了 吗 ？ <span class="pinyin">Nǐ <strong>tīng</strong> <em>dào</em> le ma?</span> <span class="trans">Did you hear it?</span> | + | * 你 <strong>听</strong> <em>到</em> 了 吗 ？ <span class="pinyin">Nǐ <strong>tīng</strong><em>dào</em> le ma?</span><span class="trans">Did you hear it?</span> |
</div> | </div> | ||
| − | == Negative | + | == Negative Forms == |
=== Structure === | === Structure === | ||
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<div class="jiegou"> | <div class="jiegou"> | ||
| − | Subj. + 没 + Verb + 到/见 + Obj. | + | Subj. + 没 + Verb + 到 / 见 + Obj. |
</div> | </div> | ||
| − | This structure can be negated using 没 (méi). | + | This structure can be negated using 没 (méi) on 没有 (méiyǒu). This is because if there is a result, then it already happened. And you need to [[Negation of "you" with "mei"|use 没 (méi) to negate past events]], not 不 (bù). |
=== Examples === | === Examples === | ||
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<div class="liju"> | <div class="liju"> | ||
| − | * 你 <strong>没</strong> 看 <em>到</em> 那 个 帅哥 吗 ？ <span class="pinyin">Nǐ <strong>méi</strong> kàn <em>dào</em> | + | * 你 <strong>没</strong> 看 <em>到</em> 那 个 帅哥 吗 ？ <span class="pinyin">Nǐ <strong>méi</strong> kàn<em>dào</em> nàge shuàigē ma?</span> |
| − | * 你 <strong>没</strong> 看 <em>见</em> 那 个 帅哥 吗 ？ <span class="pinyin">Nǐ <strong>méi</strong> kàn <em>jiàn</em> | + | * 你 <strong>没</strong> 看 <em>见</em> 那 个 帅哥 吗 ？ <span class="pinyin">Nǐ <strong>méi</strong> kàn<em>jiàn</em> nàge shuàigē ma?</span><span class="trans">You didn't see that handsome guy?</span> |
</div> | </div> | ||
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<div class="liju"> | <div class="liju"> | ||
| − | * 我 <strong>没有</strong> 看 <em>到</em> 。 <span class="pinyin">Wǒ <strong>méiyǒu</strong> kàn <em>dào</em> | + | * 我 <strong>没有</strong> 看 <em>到</em> 。 <span class="pinyin">Wǒ <strong>méiyǒu</strong> kàn<em>dào</em>.</span> |
| − | * 我 <strong>没有</strong> 看 <em>见</em> 。 <span class="expl">We didn't say what "I" didn't see; you have to | + | * 我 <strong>没有</strong> 看 <em>见</em> 。 <span class="expl">We didn't say what "I" didn't see; you have to infer it from the context.</span><span class="pinyin">Wǒ <strong>méiyǒu</strong> kàn<em>jiàn</em>.</span><span class="trans">I didn't see it.</span> |
</div> | </div> | ||
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<div class="liju"> | <div class="liju"> | ||
| − | * 你 <strong>没</strong> 听 <em>到</em> 吗 ？ <span class="pinyin">Nǐ <strong>méi</strong> tīng <em>dào</em> ma | + | * 你 <strong>没</strong> 听 <em>到</em> 吗 ？ <span class="pinyin">Nǐ <strong>méi</strong> tīng<em>dào</em> ma?</span> |
| − | * 你 <strong>没</strong> 听 <em>见</em> 吗 ？ <span class="pinyin">Nǐ <strong>méi</strong> tīng <em>jiàn</em> ma?</span> <span class="trans">You didn't hear it?</span> | + | * 你 <strong>没</strong> 听 <em>见</em> 吗 ？ <span class="pinyin">Nǐ <strong>méi</strong> tīng<em>jiàn</em> ma?</span><span class="trans">You didn't hear it?</span> |
</div> | </div> | ||
[[Category:A2 grammar points]] | [[Category:A2 grammar points]] | ||
| + | {{HSK|HSK2}}{{2021-HSK|HSK2}} | ||
[[Category:Result complement]] | [[Category:Result complement]] | ||
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=== Books === | === Books === | ||
| − | + | {{Source|Short-term Spoken Chinese: Threshold Vol. 2 (汉语口语入门篇下)|92}} | |
| − | + | {{Source|Basic Patterns of Chinese Grammar|109}} | |
| − | + | {{Source|40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课上册）|205-6}} | |
| − | {{Basic Grammar|到|A2|Verb + 到 / 见|听 <em>到</em> 了 | + | {{Basic Grammar|到|A2|Verb + 到 / 见|听 <em>到</em> 了 吗 ？|grammar point|ASGWNGEP}} |
{{Rel char|见}} | {{Rel char|见}} | ||
{{Similar|Further Uses of Resultative Complement "qilai"}} | {{Similar|Further Uses of Resultative Complement "qilai"}} | ||
{{Similar|"-wan" result complement}} | {{Similar|"-wan" result complement}} | ||
{{Similar|Result complement "-qilai"}} | {{Similar|Result complement "-qilai"}} | ||
| − | {{Similar|Result complement | + | {{Similar|Result complement}} |
{{Similar|Tricky uses of "dao"}} | {{Similar|Tricky uses of "dao"}} | ||
{{Used for|Expressing result}} | {{Used for|Expressing result}} | ||
{{Structure|Complements}} | {{Structure|Complements}} | ||
{{Subprop|Result complement}} | {{Subprop|Result complement}} | ||
Latest revision as of 08:57, 21 April 2021
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Keywords
Two of the most common result complements in Chinese are 到 (dào) and 见 (jiàn). On this page we're only going to be talking about verbs related to the senses ("see," "hear," etc.), and for this usage, the two are interchangeable.
Contents
Verbs with 到 (dào) and 见 (jiàn)
Structure
Result complements are a huge topic in Chinese grammar, but you can approach them in stages. The structure you come across the most is a verb with 到 (dào):
Subj. + Verb + 到 + Obj.
What 到 (dào) does is indicate that the outcome of the verb is achieved - what its result is. Without a result complement, the sentence would describe only the action itself. To illustrate, 看 (kàn) "to look" is the action of turning your head in a particular direction and focusing your eyes, whereas 看到 (kàndào), "to see," is the result of your brain taking in the visual input. It may sound a little hokey, but it really is possible to "look but not see," and Chinese makes a clear distinction between the action and the result.
The complement 见 (jiàn) is very similar to 到 (dào), and it is used in the same way:
Subj. + Verb + 见 + Obj.
However, there is a difference. 见 (jiàn) is generally only used after verbs involving one of the senses, like 听 (tīng) and 看 (kàn), whereas 到 (dào) can be attached to a large variety of verbs, which we will discuss at a higher level later.
Examples
- 你 看 见 那 个 帅哥 了 吗 ？
- 你 看到 那 个 帅哥 了 吗 ？ Did you see that handsome guy?
- 我 看 见 了 。 We didn't say what "I" saw; you have to infer it from the context.
- 我 看 到 了 。 I saw it.
- 你 听 见 了 吗 ？
- 你 听 到 了 吗 ？ Did you hear it?
Negative Forms
Structure
Subj. + 没 + Verb + 到 / 见 + Obj.
This structure can be negated using 没 (méi) on 没有 (méiyǒu). This is because if there is a result, then it already happened. And you need to use 没 (méi) to negate past events, not 不 (bù).
Examples
- 你 没 看 到 那 个 帅哥 吗 ？
- 你 没 看 见 那 个 帅哥 吗 ？ You didn't see that handsome guy?
- 我 没有 看 到 。
- 我 没有 看 见 。 We didn't say what "I" didn't see; you have to infer it from the context.I didn't see it.
- 你 没 听 到 吗 ？
- 你 没 听 见 吗 ？ You didn't hear it?
See also
Sources and further reading
Books
- Short-term Spoken Chinese: Threshold Vol. 2 (汉语口语入门篇下) (pp. 92) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy
- Basic Patterns of Chinese Grammar (pp. 109) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy
- 40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课上册） (pp. 205-6) [ →buy]
