Difference between revisions of "Expressing experiences with "guo""
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{{Grammar Box}} | {{Grammar Box}} | ||
| − | The [[aspect particle]] 过 ( | + | The [[aspect particle]] 过 (guo) is used to indicate that an '''action has been experienced''' in the past. |
| − | == Basic | + | == Basic Usage == |
=== Structure === | === Structure === | ||
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</div> | </div> | ||
| − | What this expresses is that the verb ''has been'' done at least once before, without specifying a particular time. 过 ( | + | What this expresses is that the verb ''has been'' done at least once before, without specifying a particular time. 过 (guo) is used to talk about whether something has ''ever'' happened - whether it ''has been experienced''. |
=== Examples === | === Examples === | ||
| − | In English, if you're asking a question and really trying to figure out if someone has ''ever'' done something before, we tend to use the words "ever" and "before." In Chinese, 过 ( | + | In English, if you're asking a question and really trying to figure out if someone has ''ever'' done something before, we tend to use the words "ever" and "before." In Chinese, 过 (guo) alone expresses this, without the need for additional words. |
<div class="liju"> | <div class="liju"> | ||
| − | * 你 学 <em>过</em> 中文 吗？ <span class="pinyin">Nǐ xué <em>guo</em> Zhōngwén ma?</span> <span class="trans">Have you ever studied Chinese?</span> | + | * 你 学 <em>过</em> 中文 吗？ <span class="pinyin">Nǐ xué <em>guo</em> Zhōngwén ma?</span><span class="trans">Have you ever studied Chinese?</span> |
| − | * 你 见 <em>过</em> 那 个 人 吗？ <span class="pinyin">Nǐ jiàn <em>guo</em> nàge rén ma?</span> <span class="trans">Have you seen that person before?</span> | + | * 你 见 <em>过</em> 那 个 人 吗？ <span class="pinyin">Nǐ jiàn <em>guo</em> nàge rén ma?</span><span class="trans">Have you seen that person before?</span> |
| − | * 我们 来 <em>过</em> 这 个 地方。<span class="pinyin">Wǒmen lái <em>guo</em> zhège dìfang.</span> <span class="trans">We've been to this place before.</span> | + | * 我们 来 <em>过</em> 这 个 地方。<span class="pinyin">Wǒmen lái <em>guo</em> zhège dìfang.</span><span class="trans">We've been to this place before.</span> |
| − | * 我 也 吃 <em>过</em> 日本菜。 <span class="pinyin">Wǒ yě chī <em>guo</em> Rìběn cài.</span> <span class="trans">I've also eaten Japanese food before.</span> | + | * 我 也 吃 <em>过</em> 日本菜。 <span class="pinyin">Wǒ yě chī <em>guo</em> Rìběn cài.</span><span class="trans">I've also eaten Japanese food before.</span> |
| − | * 你 看 <em>过</em> 这 个 电影 吗 ？ <span class="pinyin">Nǐ kàn <em>guo</em> zhège diànyǐng ma?</span> <span class="trans">Have you seen this movie?</span> | + | * 你 看 <em>过</em> 这 个 电影 吗 ？ <span class="pinyin">Nǐ kàn <em>guo</em> zhège diànyǐng ma?</span><span class="trans">Have you seen this movie?</span> |
</div> | </div> | ||
| − | == Negating a 过 ( | + | == Negating a 过 (guo) Sentence == |
| − | Because 过 ( | + | Because 过 (guo) is used to talk about past actions, it should be [[Negation of past actions with "meiyou"|negated with 没]] (méi). |
=== Structure === | === Structure === | ||
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<div class="liju"> | <div class="liju"> | ||
| − | * 我 <em>没</em> 想 <em>过</em> 这 个 问题。<span class="pinyin">Wǒ <em>méi</em> xiǎng <em>guo</em> zhège wèntí. </span> <span class="trans"> I've never thought about this question before.</span> | + | * 我 <em>没</em> 想 <em>过</em> 这 个 问题。<span class="pinyin">Wǒ <em>méi</em> xiǎng <em>guo</em> zhège wèntí.</span><span class="trans"> I've never thought about this question before.</span> |
| − | * 我 <em>没</em> 学 <em>过</em> 这 个 词 。 <span class="pinyin">Wǒ <em>méi</em> xué <em>guo</em> zhège cí. </span> <span class="trans">I have never studied this word before. </span> | + | * 我 <em>没</em> 学 <em>过</em> 这 个 词 。 <span class="pinyin">Wǒ <em>méi</em> xué <em>guo</em> zhège cí.</span><span class="trans">I have never studied this word before.</span> |
| − | * 妈妈 <em>没</em> 买 <em>过</em> 很 贵 的 衣服。 <span class="pinyin">Māma <em>méi</em> mǎi <em>guo</em> hěn guì de yīfu. </span> <span class="trans">Mom has never bought any expensive clothes before. </span> | + | * 妈妈 <em>没</em> 买 <em>过</em> 很 贵 的 衣服。 <span class="pinyin">Māma <em>méi</em> mǎi <em>guo</em> hěn guì de yīfu.</span><span class="trans">Mom has never bought any expensive clothes before.</span> |
| − | * 我们 都 <em>没</em> 坐 <em>过</em> 飞机。 <span class="pinyin">Wǒmen dōu <em>méi</em> zuò <em>guo</em> fēijī. </span> <span class="trans">None of us has ever been on a airplane before. </span> | + | * 我们 都 <em>没</em> 坐 <em>过</em> 飞机。 <span class="pinyin">Wǒmen dōu <em>méi</em> zuò <em>guo</em> fēijī.</span><span class="trans">None of us has ever been on a airplane before.</span> |
| − | * 你们 <em>没</em> 见 <em>过</em> 美女 吗？<span class="pinyin">Nǐmen <em>méi</em> jiàn <em>guo</em> měinǚ ma? </span> <span class="trans">Have you never seen beautiful girls before? </span> | + | * 你们 <em>没</em> 见 <em>过</em> 美女 吗？<span class="pinyin">Nǐmen <em>méi</em> jiàn <em>guo</em> měinǚ ma? </span><span class="trans">Have you never seen beautiful girls before? </span> |
</div> | </div> | ||
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To emphasize "never" even more, you can also [[Expressing "never" with "conglai"|use the word 从来 (cónglái)]]. | To emphasize "never" even more, you can also [[Expressing "never" with "conglai"|use the word 从来 (cónglái)]]. | ||
| − | == Using 过 ( | + | == Using 过 (guo) with 了 (le) == |
| − | You'll sometimes see 过 ( | + | You'll sometimes see 过 (guo) used together with 了 (le). This can be a little confusing, as it doesn't seem to be following the rules laid out above. For more on this special usage of 过 (guo), see the article on [[Using "guo" with "le"|using 过 (guo) with 了 (le)]]. |
| − | ==See | + | == See also == |
| + | |||
| + | *[[Expressing "once" with "cengjing"]] | ||
*[[Expressing completion with "le"]] | *[[Expressing completion with "le"]] | ||
*[[Aspect particle "zhe"]] | *[[Aspect particle "zhe"]] | ||
| Line 68: | Line 70: | ||
=== Books === | === Books === | ||
| − | + | {{Source|HSK Standard Course 2|108}} | |
| − | + | {{Source|A Practical Chinese Grammar For Foreigners (外国人实用汉语语法) |138}} | |
| − | + | {{Source|Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition|59-60}} | |
| − | + | {{Source|Chinese Grammar Without Tears (简明汉语语法学习手册) |73-4}} | |
| − | + | {{Source|Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed)|83- 4}} | |
| − | + | {{Source|Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1|345-7}} | |
| − | + | {{Source|Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 2|49-51}} | |
| − | + | {{Source|Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide|76-7, 230-2}} | |
| − | + | {{Source|New Practical Chinese Reader 2 (新实用汉语课本2)|175-6}} | |
| + | {{Source|40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课上册）|188}} | ||
=== Websites === | === Websites === | ||
| Line 83: | Line 86: | ||
[[Category:A2 grammar points]] | [[Category:A2 grammar points]] | ||
| + | {{HSK|HSK2}}{{2021-HSK|HSK2}} | ||
{{Used for|Referring to the past}} | {{Used for|Referring to the past}} | ||
{{Used for|Referring to past experiences}} | {{Used for|Referring to past experiences}} | ||
| − | {{Basic Grammar|过|A2|Verb + 过|我 去 <em>过</em> | + | {{Basic Grammar|过|A2|Verb + 过|我 去 <em>过</em> 中国 。|grammar point|ASGQGV3P}} |
{{Similar|Taiwanese "you"}} | {{Similar|Taiwanese "you"}} | ||
| + | {{Similar|Expressing "once" with "cengjing"}} | ||
{{Similar|Uses of le}} | {{Similar|Uses of le}} | ||
{{Similar|Expressing completion with "le"}} | {{Similar|Expressing completion with "le"}} | ||
{{Translation|have}} | {{Translation|have}} | ||
{{POS|Particles}} | {{POS|Particles}} | ||
Latest revision as of 08:56, 21 April 2021
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Used for
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Keywords
The aspect particle 过 (guo) is used to indicate that an action has been experienced in the past.
Contents
Basic Usage
Structure
Subj. + Verb + 过 + Obj.
What this expresses is that the verb has been done at least once before, without specifying a particular time. 过 (guo) is used to talk about whether something has ever happened - whether it has been experienced.
Examples
In English, if you're asking a question and really trying to figure out if someone has ever done something before, we tend to use the words "ever" and "before." In Chinese, 过 (guo) alone expresses this, without the need for additional words.
- 你 学 过 中文 吗？ Have you ever studied Chinese?
- 你 见 过 那 个 人 吗？ Have you seen that person before?
- 我们 来 过 这 个 地方。We've been to this place before.
- 我 也 吃 过 日本菜。 I've also eaten Japanese food before.
- 你 看 过 这 个 电影 吗 ？ Have you seen this movie?
Negating a 过 (guo) Sentence
Because 过 (guo) is used to talk about past actions, it should be negated with 没 (méi).
Structure
Subj. + 没 + Verb + 过 + Obj.
Examples
Note that when you translate these examples into English, "have never" [done something] is often more natural, indicating that someone lacks the experience of having done something, rather than just "have not" [done something].
- 我 没 想 过 这 个 问题。 I've never thought about this question before.
- 我 没 学 过 这 个 词 。 I have never studied this word before.
- 妈妈 没 买 过 很 贵 的 衣服。 Mom has never bought any expensive clothes before.
- 我们 都 没 坐 过 飞机。 None of us has ever been on a airplane before.
- 你们 没 见 过 美女 吗？Have you never seen beautiful girls before?
To emphasize "never" even more, you can also use the word 从来 (cónglái).
Using 过 (guo) with 了 (le)
You'll sometimes see 过 (guo) used together with 了 (le). This can be a little confusing, as it doesn't seem to be following the rules laid out above. For more on this special usage of 过 (guo), see the article on using 过 (guo) with 了 (le).
See also
Sources and further reading
Books
- HSK Standard Course 2 (pp. 108) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy
- A Practical Chinese Grammar For Foreigners (外国人实用汉语语法) (pp. 138) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy
- Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition (pp. 59-60) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy
- Chinese Grammar Without Tears (简明汉语语法学习手册) (pp. 73-4) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy
- Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 83- 4) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy
- Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 345-7) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy
- Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 2 (pp. 49-51) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy
- Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide (pp. 76-7, 230-2) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy
- New Practical Chinese Reader 2 (新实用汉语课本2) (pp. 175-6) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy
- 40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课上册） (pp. 188) [ →buy]
Websites
- ChinesePod: Qing Wen - 过(guo) (free podcast content)
