Difference between revisions of "State complement"

Latest revision as of 08:58, 21 April 2021

Also known as: 状态补语 (zhuàngtài bǔyǔ), 情态补语 (qíngtài bǔyǔ) and complement of state.

State complements describe an achieved state of an action. State complements are usually adjective phrases (adverb + adjective) but can take the form of verb phrases, subject-predicate phrases, or other complements. State complements that are adjective phrases often look the same as degree complements and thus are often lumped together with degree complements in textbooks.

Adjective as State Complements

In a state complement phrase, the verb must be followed by 得, and then the complement follows. The most common type of state complement, where the complement is an adjective phrase, is formed by placing the adjective phrase after 得.

Sometimes there is also an adverb before the adjective, such as 很, 非常, 不太, 有点, etc.

Structure

Verb / Adj. + 得 + State Complement

Examples

她来 得有点晚 。She came a little late.
老师今天穿 得非常漂亮 。The teacher dressed very nicely today.
孩子们玩 得很开心 。The kids are having lots of fun.
我昨天睡 得不太好 。I didn't sleep very well yesterday.
哪个城市发展 得最快 ？Which city has developed most rapidly?

If the verb taking a complement also has an object, you can repeat the verb: once for the object, then once for the complement:

弟弟做作业做 得很慢 。My younger brother does his homework very slowly.
他打篮球打 得非常好 。He is very good at basketball.
妈妈洗衣服洗 得干不干净 ？Did mother wash the clothes well [get them clean]?
我们班谁说汉语说 得最流利 ？Who speaks Chinese most fluently in our class?

Verb Phrases as State Complements

Verb phrases (VP), subject-predicate phrases (SP) can also serve as complements of state. As with adjective phrase state complements, they can describe a state that arose from the action of the main verb in the sentence.

Structure

Verb / Adj. + 得 + State Complement

Examples

我累 得不想说话 。 I was so tired that I didn't want to talk.
我的牙疼 得我睡不着 。 My teeth aches to the point where I can't sleep.
听到这个消息，她激动 得哭了起来 。Hearing this news, she was excited to point where she started crying.

More Advanced State Complements

Structure

Verb / Adj. + 得 + State Complement

Examples

天气热 得我只想待在空调房里 。The weather is hot to the point where I only want to stay in the room with AC.
地铁挤 得有的人下不去 。The metro was crowded to the point where some people couldn't get off.
他忙得 忘了给女儿买生日礼物 。 He's so busy that he forgot to buy her daughter a birthday present.

References and Further Reading

Books

HSK Standard Course 2 (pp. 92) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy
HSK Standard Course 3 (pp. 138) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy
New Practical Chinese Reader 2 (新实用汉语课本2) (pp. 15-6) →buy

New Practical Chinese Reader 3 (新实用汉语课本3) (pp. 65-6) →buy

Websites

About Chinese Language, XCN Chinese The Complement of State
现代汉语中程度补语的范围及类别
带“得”字程度补语和状态补语的比较分析

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{AKA|状态补语 (zhuàngtài bǔyǔ)|complement of state}}
+{{AKA|状态补语 (zhuàngtài bǔyǔ)|情态补语 (qíngtài bǔyǔ)|complement of state}}
-State complements describe an achieved state of an action. State complements are usually adjective phrases (adverb + adjective) but can take the form of verbal phrases, subject-predicate phrase or other complements. State complements that are adjective phrases often look the same as degree complements and thus often lumped together with degree complements in textbooks. However, often state complements take a very distinct form of complement (such as entire verb phrases that serve as state complements) which is why they are sometimes categorized as a distinct form of complement. State complement phrases can be quite complex, at times having entire complement phrases act as the state complement. It may be useful to think of more complex complement phrases as meaning "(verb) to the point of (complement)".
+State complements describe an achieved state of an action. State complements are usually [[adjective phrase]]s ([[adverb]] + [[adjective]]) but can take the form of [[verb phrase]]s, subject-predicate phrases, or other [[complement]]s. State complements that are adjective phrases often look the same as degree complements and thus are often lumped together with [[degree complement]]s in textbooks. <!-- However, often state complements take a very distinct form of complement (such as entire verb phrases that serve as state complements) which is why they are sometimes categorized as a distinct form of complement. State complement phrases can be quite complex, at times having entire complement phrases act as the state complement. It may be useful to think of more complex complement phrases as meaning "(verb) to the point of (complement)." -->
-==Different Kinds of State Complements==
+== Adjective as State Complements ==
-===Adjective Phrase State Complements===
+In a state complement phrase, the verb must be followed by 得, and then the complement follows. The most common type of state complement, where the complement is an adjective phrase, is formed by placing the adjective phrase after 得.
-In a state complement phrase the verb must be followed by 得 then the complement follows. The most common type of state complement of state, where the complement is an adjective phrase, is formed by placing the adjective phrase after 得. If the verb taking a complement also has an object the should occur after the object and before 得. The sentence is negated by putting 不 in place of the adverb (not before the verb) Some examples:
+Sometimes there is also an adverb before the adjective, such as 很, 非常, 不太, 有点, etc.
+=== Structure ===
+<div class="jiegou">
+Verb / Adj. + 得 + State Complement
+</div>
+=== Examples ===
 <div class="liju">
-{| class="wikitable" style="width:40em"
+*她 <strong>来</strong> <em>得 有点 晚</em> 。<span class="trans">She came a little late.</span>
-|+Adjective Phrases as State Complements
+*老师 今天 <strong>穿</strong> <em>得 非常 漂亮</em> 。<span class="trans">The teacher dressed very nicely today.</span>
-|-
+*孩子们 <strong>玩</strong> <em>得 很 开心</em>  。<span class="trans">The kids are having lots of fun.</span>
-! Subject !! (Verb) !! Object !! Verb !! 得 !! Adverb !! Adjective !! Particle !!
+*我 昨天 <strong>睡</strong> <em>得 不 太 好</em> 。<span class="trans">I didn't sleep very well yesterday.</span>
-|-
+*哪个 城市 <strong>发展</strong> <em>得 最 快</em> ？<span class="trans">Which city has developed most rapidly?</span>
-| 她 || 来 || 校园 || 来 || 得 || 很 || 晚 || 了 || 。
-|-
-| 马先生 ||  || || 住 || 得 || 不 || 好 || || 。
-|-
-| 他们 || || ||玩 || 得 || 很 || 快乐 || || 。
-|-
-| 我 || (写) || 汉字 || 写  || 得 || 很 || 慢 || || 。
-|-
-|}
 </div>
-===Phrases and other complements as State Complements===
+If the verb taking a complement also has an object, you can repeat the verb: once for the object, then once for the complement:
-Verb phrases (VP), [[subject-predicate phrases]] (SP) and other [[complements]] (CP) can also serve as complements of state. As with adjective phrase state complements they can describe a state that arose from the action of the main verb in the sentence. Some examples:
 <div class="liju">
-{| class="wikitable" style="width:65em"
+*弟弟 <strong>做</strong> 作业 <strong>做</strong> <em>得 很 慢</em> 。<span class="trans">My younger brother does his homework very slowly.</span>
-|+
+*他 <strong>打</strong> 篮球 <strong>打</strong> <em>得 非常 好</em> 。<span class="trans">He is very good at basketball.</span>
-|-
+*妈妈 <strong>洗</strong> 衣服 <strong>洗</strong> <em>得 干 不 干净</em> ？<span class="trans">Did mother wash the clothes well [get them clean]?</span>
-!  Subject  !!    Verb    !! 得 !!  VP/SP/CP  !! Explanation
+*我们 班 谁 <strong>说</strong> 汉语 <strong>说</strong> <em>得 最 流利</em> ？<span class="trans">Who speaks Chinese most fluently in our class?</span>
-|-
-| 这件房间 || 满 || 得 || 放不下其他东西了 ||<span style="font-size:0.7em;"> <span class="spaced"> This example uses a [[potential complement]] phrase to express that state of the room: "This room is filled to the point that you are unable to fit more stuff." </span></span>
-|-
-| 他们 || 昌歌唱 || 得 || 忘了时间 ||<span style="font-size:0.7em;"> <span class="spaced"> Here the state complement is a verb phrase and expresses the state to which the subject got caught up in their singing activities (probably at KTV) "They sang to the point where they lost track of time."</span></span>
-|-
-| 我的姐姐 || 吃饭吃 || 得 || 满嘴流油 || <span style="font-size:0.7em;"> <span class="spaced">This state complement is also a verb phrase and expresses the resulting state of the subject's eating: "My sister ate to the point that her mouth was flowing with oil." </span></span>
-|-
-| 太太 || 激动 || 得 || 热血沸腾 ||<span style="font-size:0.7em;"> <span class="spaced"> The state complement in this example is an idiomatic phrase that describes the state of anger the subject has arrived at: "The wife was agitated to point of burning rage."</span></span>
-|}
 </div>
-==State Complements in Questions==
+== Verb Phrases as State Complements ==
-You can form questions with sentences containing result complements just as you would with any other sentence:
+Verb phrases (VP), subject-predicate phrases (SP) can also serve as complements of state. As with adjective phrase state complements, they can describe a state that arose from the action of the main verb in the sentence.
-* With a [[Interrogative Sentences#Question particles|question particle]]
+=== Structure ===
-* With a [[Word order#Using question words in a Chinese sentence|question word]]
-* With [[Interrogative Sentences#Positive-negative questions|positive-negative inversion]]
+<div class="jiegou">
+Verb / Adj. + 得 + State Complement
+</div>
+=== Examples ===
-Some examples:
 <div class="liju">
-* <span class="liju">你 来 得 很早 吗 ？</span>
+*我 <strong>累</strong> <em>得 不 想 说话 </em>。 <span class="trans">I was so tired that I didn't want to talk.</span>
-* <span class="liju">你 住 得 很好 吗 ？</span>
+*我 的 牙 <strong>疼</strong> <em>得 我 睡 不 着</em> 。 <span class="trans">My teeth aches to the point where I can't sleep.</span>
+*听到 这个 消息 ，她 <strong>激动</strong> <em>得 哭 了 起来</em> 。<span class="trans">Hearing this news, she was excited to point where she started crying.</span>
-* <span class="liju">谁 玩儿 的 很 高兴 ？</span>
+</div>
-* <span class="liju">真么地方 发展 得 很 富 ？</span>
-* <span class="liju">工作 得 好 不好？</span>
+== More Advanced State Complements ==
-* <span class="liju">衣服 洗 得 干净 不 干净？</span>
+=== Structure ===
+<div class="jiegou">
+Verb / Adj. + 得 + State Complement
+</div>
+=== Examples ===
+<div class="liju">
+*天气 <strong>热</strong> <em> 得 我 只 想 待 在 空调 房 里 </em> 。<span class="trans">The weather is hot to the point where I only want to stay in the room with AC.</span>
+*地铁 <strong>挤</strong> <em> 得 有的 人 下 不 去 </em> 。<span class="trans">The metro was crowded to the point where some people couldn't get off.</span>
+*他 <strong>忙</strong> 得 <em>忘 了 给 女儿 买 生日 礼物</em> 。 <span class="trans">He's so busy that he forgot to buy her daughter a birthday present.</span>
 </div>
-==References and Further Reading==
+== References and Further Reading ==
-===Books===
+=== Books ===
-* [http://www.amazon.com/Practical-Chinese-Textbook-English-Mandarin/dp/7561911297/ref=sr_1_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1312797340&sr=1-2 New Practical Chinese Reader 2 (新实用汉语课本2)] Lesson 15 '''(needs affiliate link)'''
+{{Source|HSK Standard Course 2|92}}
+{{Source|HSK Standard Course 3|138}}
+* [[New Practical Chinese Reader 2 (新实用汉语课本2)]] (pp. 15-6) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/7561911297/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399369&creativeASIN=7561911297 →buy]
-* [http://www.amazon.com/New-Practical-Chinese-Reader-Textbook/dp/756191251X/ref=sr_1_4?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1312797340&sr=1-4 New Practical Chinese Reader 3 (新实用汉语课本3)] Lesson 30 '''(needs affiliate link)'''
+* [[New Practical Chinese Reader 3 (新实用汉语课本3) ]] (pp. 65-6) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/756191251X/ref%3das_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399369&creativeASIN=756191251X →buy]
+*[[40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课下册）]] (p. 530)[http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B001FTL8D8/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B001FTL8D8&linkCode=as2&tag=allset-20 →buy]
+*[[40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课上册）]] (p. 141)[http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B001FTL8D8/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B001FTL8D8&linkCode=as2&tag=allset-20 →buy]
-===Websites===
+=== Websites ===
 * About Chinese Language, XCN Chinese [http://www.xcn-chinese.com/app/showarticle.asp?id=2169&includeid=&siteid= The Complement of State]
+* [http://www.doc88.com/p-9069095291857.html 现代汉语中程度补语的范围及类别]
+* [http://www.docin.com/p-1196439776.html 带“得”字程度补语和状态补语的比较分析]
 [[Category:Complements]]
+{{HSK|HSK2}}{{2021-HSK|HSK2}}
+{{HSK|HSK3}}

Difference between revisions of "State complement"

Latest revision as of 08:58, 21 April 2021

Contents

Adjective as State Complements

Structure

Examples

Verb Phrases as State Complements

Structure

Examples

More Advanced State Complements

Structure

Examples

References and Further Reading

Books

Websites