Difference between revisions of "Expressing "and" with "he" (advanced)"
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{{Grammar Box}}  
 
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You probably learned early on that 和 (hé) is used to connect nouns and noun phrases not mean "[[and]]," but ''not'' sentences. This rule is fine for a while but eventually you will begin encountering what appears to be non-nouns linked by 和. This article addresses when it's grammatically correct to use 和 in other ways.  
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You probably learned early on that 和 (hé) is used to connect nouns and noun phrases not mean "[[and]]," but ''not'' sentences or clauses. This rule is fine for a while but eventually you will begin encountering what appears to be non-nouns linked by 和. This article addresses when it's grammatically correct to use 和 in other ways.  
  
 
== Linking Verbs with 和 ==
 
== Linking Verbs with 和 ==
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大多数情况下，由“和”连接的两个动词具有如下特点：
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Rather than give absolute rules, it's more helpful to give trends, because it's very difficult to provide a rule for using 和 with non-nouns which is never broken. There are just too many gray areas.
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# 是同类词。这里“同类”的意思是指这两个动词所指相似，表述范围基本一致。这是为什么“唱歌和跳舞”听起来是自然的，但是“玩游戏和跑”就很别扭。
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#是双音节动词。
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In ''most cases'', the following trends apply when 和 is used to connect verbs:
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# 两个动词都有一个共同的修饰成分或者有一个共同的宾语。
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# The two verbs are very similar in nature. This could include characteristics such as level of formality, structure, and scope. Often you'll find that the verbs even overlap a little in meaning or are frequently used together. Thus "唱歌和跳舞" is natural (bother are [[separable verb]]s, equally informal, frequently used together), whereas "玩游戏和跑" (structure is very different) is quite awkward.
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# Both verbs share the same object (e.g. "管理和运营着家公司") or are both modified by the same adverbial phrase (e.g. "进一步地了解和交流").
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# Normally (but not always) both verbs are disyllabic (two-syllable verbs), such as 维护, 修理.
  
 
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大多数情况下，由“和”连接的两个形容词具有如下特点：
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In ''most cases'', at least one of the following trends apply when 和 is used to connect adjectives:
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# 在句中不做谓语，而是做其他句子成分，比如：宾语、定语等。
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# 形容词前面都有修饰成分。
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# The two adjectives do not act as the [[predicate]] of the sentence, but instead act as an [[attributive]] (coming before a noun), [[object]] (coming after a verb), or other sentence element.
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# There will be some kind of modification before the adjectives; they won't just be used "bare"
  
 
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== Incorrect uses of 和 ==
 
== Incorrect uses of 和 ==
  
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汉语中，可以替代“和”的词比较多，常见的有“并”、“并且” “还有”，还有一些结构”又...又...“，”既...又“”不但...而且"等，需要看具体语境来确定。
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Don't forget that in addition to 和, there are all kinds of other ways to express the "and" meaning, such as the words [[并]], [[并且]], and [[还有]], or the patterns [[又……又……]] or [[既……又……]].
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The following sentences don't follow the trends laid out above, and are thus not good sentences.
  
 
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<li class="o">你这么自私和冷漠，怎么会有人喜欢你？！<span class="expl">(前面有修饰成分“这么”。)</span></li>
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<li class="x">你自私和冷漠，怎么会有人喜欢你？！<span class="expl">(The adjectives are acting as the predicate, and have nothing modifying them.)</span></li>
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<li class="x">你自私和冷漠，怎么会有人喜欢你？！<span class="expl">(形容词“固执“和”冷漠“在句中做了谓语。)</span></li>
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<li class="o">你这么自私和冷漠，怎么会有人喜欢你？！<span class="expl">(Adding a modifier to the adjectives sounds much better.)</span></li>
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<li class="o">我去了超市，并且买了水果。<span class="expl">(”并且“可以连接两个句子和动词分句。)</span></li>
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<li class="x">我去了超市和买了水果。<span class="expl">(You could look at these actions as two separate clauses or verbs with separate objects. Either way, it's bad.)</span></li>
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<li class="x">我去了超市和买了水果。<span class="expl">(”去了超市“和”买了水果“是两个分句，不能用”和“连接)</span></li>
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<li class="o">我去了超市，并且买了水果。<span class="expl">(Here we treated the verbs as separate clauses and used 并且 to connect them.)</span></li>
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<li class="o">你需要购买和安装杀毒软件。<span class="expl">(因为是常见双音节动词并且带有相同的宾语)</span></li>
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<li class="q">你需要买和装杀毒软件。<span class="expl">(Although the verbs share an object, they're both monosyllabic verbs. This sentence just sounds weird to most Chinese.)</span></li>
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<li class="q">你需要买和装杀毒软件。<span class="expl">(可能因为是单音节动词，所以会让人觉得特别别扭。)</span></li>
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<li class="o">你需要购买和安装杀毒软件。<span class="expl">(They still share the same object, but now the monosyllabic verbs have been converted to disyllabic verbs. Problem solved!)</span></li>
 
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Revision as of 02:17, 10 March 2015

This article is a stub. Editors can help the Chinese Grammar Wiki by expanding it.

You probably learned early on that 和 (hé) is used to connect nouns and noun phrases not mean "and," but not sentences or clauses. This rule is fine for a while but eventually you will begin encountering what appears to be non-nouns linked by 和. This article addresses when it's grammatically correct to use 和 in other ways.

Linking Verbs with 和

Verb1 + 和 + Verb2

Rather than give absolute rules, it's more helpful to give trends, because it's very difficult to provide a rule for using 和 with non-nouns which is never broken. There are just too many gray areas.

In most cases, the following trends apply when 和 is used to connect verbs:

  1. The two verbs are very similar in nature. This could include characteristics such as level of formality, structure, and scope. Often you'll find that the verbs even overlap a little in meaning or are frequently used together. Thus "唱歌和跳舞" is natural (bother are separable verbs, equally informal, frequently used together), whereas "玩游戏和跑" (structure is very different) is quite awkward.
  2. Both verbs share the same object (e.g. "管理和运营着家公司") or are both modified by the same adverbial phrase (e.g. "进一步地了解和交流").
  3. Normally (but not always) both verbs are disyllabic (two-syllable verbs), such as 维护, 修理.
  • 政府 每年 都 会 维护 和 修理 这些 建筑 。
  • 我们 需要 进一步 地 了解 和 交流。
  • 他 十八岁 的 时候 就 管理 和 运营 着 一 家 公司。
  • 这 种 材料 可以 无限 地 回收 和 利用。
  • 预防 和 治理 污染 需要 所有 人 共同 的 努力。

Linking Adjectives with 和

Adj1 + 和 + Adj2

In most cases, at least one of the following trends apply when 和 is used to connect adjectives:

  1. The two adjectives do not act as the predicate of the sentence, but instead act as an attributive (coming before a noun), object (coming after a verb), or other sentence element.
  2. There will be some kind of modification before the adjectives; they won't just be used "bare"
  • 我 就是 喜欢 她 任性 和 调皮，怎么了？(做宾语)
  • 她 那么 单纯 和 天真，你 怎么 可以 这样 对 她？(有修饰成分)
  • 她 安静 和 甜美 的笑容让我觉得温暖。(做定语)
  • 这种 恐惧 和 担心 不 是 没有 道理。(有修饰成分，做主语)
  • 你 什么时候 才 可以 像 他 那样 冷静 和 理性？(有修饰成分)

Incorrect uses of 和

Don't forget that in addition to 和, there are all kinds of other ways to express the "and" meaning, such as the words 并, 并且, and 还有, or the patterns 又……又…… or 既……又…….

The following sentences don't follow the trends laid out above, and are thus not good sentences.

  • 你自私和冷漠，怎么会有人喜欢你？！(The adjectives are acting as the predicate, and have nothing modifying them.)
  • 你这么自私和冷漠，怎么会有人喜欢你？！(Adding a modifier to the adjectives sounds much better.)
  • 我去了超市和买了水果。(You could look at these actions as two separate clauses or verbs with separate objects. Either way, it's bad.)
  • 我去了超市，并且买了水果。(Here we treated the verbs as separate clauses and used 并且 to connect them.)
  • 你需要买和装杀毒软件。(Although the verbs share an object, they're both monosyllabic verbs. This sentence just sounds weird to most Chinese.)
  • 你需要购买和安装杀毒软件。(They still share the same object, but now the monosyllabic verbs have been converted to disyllabic verbs. Problem solved!)

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

HSK5
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