Aspect particle "zhe"

\r\nThe particle 着 (zhe) is one way of indicating the continuous aspect in Mandarin Chinese (another common way is using the adverb 在 in front of verbs). You may have heard that the Chinese particle 着 added onto the end of verbs is similar to the use of -ing in English. This isn't particularly helpful, however, because the use of 着 in Chinese is not nearly so frequent, and can also be quite idiomatic.\r\n== Basic Structure ==\r\n

\r\nVerb + 着\r\n

\r\n== Examples ==\r\nSome examples:\r\n

\r\n* 我 来 读 信，你 听着。You need to listen while I'm reading this letter.

• 这 家 饭店 还 开 着 。This restaurant is still open.
• 我们 站 着 说话 吧。We talk while standing.
• 不要 躺 着 看书 。Don't read while lying down.\r\n

\r\n== 着 for a continuous state ==\r\nWhile it's true that the "full progressive pattern" can make use of 着, this is not a pattern you're going to want to use all the time. For example, if you want to say "I'm reading," you have these two choices:\r\n

• 我 在 看 书 。(This is the natural, easy way to say it.)
• 我 正 在 看 着 书 呢 。 (This seems a bit much, and isn't very natural.)

\r\nThe first one is fine, but the second one is definitely odd, and unnecessarily wordy. So there's no need to intentionally construct such long, unwieldy structures. For this kind of usage (which corresponds pretty closely to the "-ing" in English which we mentioned before), you're better off avoiding 着.\r\nThere are, however, other uses of 着 which are needed. When you're talking about "states" which don't involve any continuous action, or actually doing anything, you're going to want to use 着 instead of 在. Some examples:\r\n

\r\n{| class="wikitable" style="width:52em"

|+着 Expressing an Ongoing State ! scope="col" width="10%" | Verb + 着 ! scope="col" width="90%" | Explanation |- | 开 着 || 开 alone can mean "to open" or "to turn on." Adding 着 allows one to express that something "is open" or "is on.". |- | 关 着 || 关 alone can mean "to close" or "to turn off." Adding 着 allows one to express that something "is closed" or "is off." |- | 带 着 || 带 alone means "to carry." Adding 着 allows one to express that one "is carrying" or "has" something (on one's person). |- | 坐 着 || 坐 alone means "to sit." Adding 着 allows one to express that someone "is sitting" ("在坐" is awkward, because it's not a real action). |- | 躺 着 || 躺 alone means "to lie on one's back." Adding 着 allows one to express that someone "is lying down."

|}\r\n

\r\nNow let's see these in action:\r\n

\r\n

• 房间 里 灯 关 着 。 ("Being off" is a state, so using 着 is natural.)
• 房间 里 灯 在 关 。 ("Being off" is not an action, so don't use 在.)

\r\n

• 我 带 着 护照。 ("Having your passport (on you)" is a state, so using 着 is natural.)
• 我 在 带 护照 。 ("Having your passport (on you)" is not an action, so don't use 在.)

\r\n

• 她 坐 着 吗 ？ ("Be sitting" is a state, so using 着 is natural.)
• 她 在 坐 吗 ？ ("Be sitting" is not an action (plus "在坐" is likely to be mistaken for the action "在做"), so don't use 在.)

\r\n

• 躺 着 最 舒服 。 ("Lying here" is a state, so using 着 is natural.)
• 在 躺 最 舒服 。 ("Lying here" is not strictly an action, so don't use 在.)

\r\n

\r\n== 着 for doing an action in a particular state ==\r\nIf you do an action while in a particular state, you can make use of this pattern:\r\n

\r\nVerb1 + 着 + Verb2\r\n

\r\nNote that the first verb (followed by 着) describes the state; the second verb is the action verb. In this case, the "-ing" translation can be useful.\r\n

\r\n* 站 着 吃饭 "standing + eat = eating while standing"

• 听 着 音乐健身 "listening to music + work out = listening to music while working out
• 哭 着 说话 "crying + speak = speaking while crying\r\n

\r\nNote: If you want to make a sentence where both verbs are action verbs (neither is truly a state), then you don't want this pattern, you want 一边⋯⋯，一边⋯⋯.\r\n== 着 Used Idiomatically ==\r\nCertain verbs tend to take 着 more frequently than others, and exactly what the 着 is doing might not be apparent at all. It's best to think of these usages as colloquialisms. You can even think of them as set phrases.\r\n

\r\n{| class="wikitable" style="width:52em"

|+着 Used Idiomatically ! scope="col" width="10%" | Verb + 着 ! scope="col" width="55%" | Explanation ! scope="col" width="35%" | Example |- | 听 着 || "to listen to" (essentially the same as 听) || 你 听 着。 |- | 拿 着 || "to hold" (essentially the same as 拿) || 这个 你 拿 着。 |- | 等 着 || "to wait" (essentially the same as 等) || 你们 继续 等 着 ！

|}\r\n

\r\nThere's also one colloquial usage of 着 that's been chosen by at least one textbook for special treatment, so we'll cover it here as well:\r\n

\r\nVerb + 着 + 玩儿\r\n

\r\nThis pattern may look like that "doing an action in a particular state" pattern already covered above, but in practice it doesn't really work that way. It just means "[Verb] for fun" or "[Verb] as a joke."\r\nExamples of this usage:\r\n

\r\n* 我 不 是 认真 的，我 是 闹 着 玩儿。I'm not very serious, I like to have a lot of fun.

• 我 听不懂 英文 歌，只 是 听 着 玩儿。I don't understand English songs. I just listen for fun.
• 你不要生气了，我刚才是说着 玩儿的！Don't be mad.I was just joking.\r\n

\r\n==See also==\r\n* Expressing actions in progress

Expressing actions in progress (full form)\r\n== Sources and further reading ==\r\n=== Books ===\r\n* A Practical Chinese Grammar For Foreigners (外国人实用汉语语法) (pp. 414 - 423) →buy

Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition (pp. 89) →buy

Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar (pp. 217 - 225) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 242-3) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 2 (p. 17) →buy

New Practical Chinese Reader 2 (新实用汉语课本2) (pp. 238-9) →buy

40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课上册） (p. 255)→buy\r\n=== Websites ===\r\n* About.com: Mandarin Chinese Aspect

ChinesePod: Qing Wen - The 着 (zhe) Chronicles: How We Verb (free content)

ChinesePod: Qing Wen - The 着 (zhe) Chronicles: Actions in Progress (free content)

ChinesePod: Qing Wen - The 着 (zhe) Chronicles: Verbs as States (free content)