Expressing experiences with "guo"

The aspect particle 过 (guò) is used to indicate that an action has been experienced in the past.

Basic Pattern

Structure

Subj. + Verb + 过 + Obj.

What this expresses is that the verb has been done at least once before, without specifying a particular time. 过 (guò) is used to talk about whether something has ever happened - whether it has been experienced.

Examples

In English, if you're asking a question and really trying to figure out if someone has ever done something before, we tend to use the words "ever" and "before." In Chinese, 过 (guò) alone expresses this, without the need for additional words.

• 你 学 过 中文 吗？ Nǐ xué guo Zhōngwén ma? Have you ever studied Chinese?
• 你 见 过 那 个 人 吗？ Nǐ jiàn guo nà ge rén ma? Have you seen that person before?
• 我们 来 过 这 个 地方。Wǒmen lái guo zhè ge dìfang. We've been to this place before.
• 我 也 吃 过 日本菜。 Wǒ yě chī guo Rìběn cài. I've also eaten Japanese food before.
• 你 看 过 这 个 电影 吗 ？ Nǐ kàn guo zhè ge diànyǐng ma? Have you seen this movie?

Negating a 过 (guò) sentence

Because 过 (guò) is used to talk about past actions, it should be negated with 没 (méi).

Structure

Subj. + 没 + Verb + 过 + Obj.

Examples

Note that when you translate these examples into English, "have never" [done something] is often more natural, indicating that someone lacks the experience of having done something, rather than just "have not" [done something].

• 我 没 想 过 这 个 问题。Wǒ méi xiǎng guo zhè ge wènti. I've never thought about this question before.
• 我 没 学 过 这 个 词 。 Wǒ méi xué guo zhè ge cí. I have never studied this word before.
• 妈妈 没 买 过 很 贵 的 衣服。 Māma méi mǎi guo hěn guì de yīfu. Mom has never bought any expensive clothes before.
• 我们 都 没 坐 过 飞机。 Wǒmen dōu méi zuò guo fēijī. None of us has ever been on a airplane before.
• 你们 没 见 过 美女 吗？Nǐmen méi jiàn guo měinǚ ma? Have you never seen beautiful girls before?

To emphasize "never" even more, you can also use the word 从来 (cónglái).

Using 过 with 了 (le)

You'll sometimes see 过 (guò) used together with 了 (le). This can be a little confusing, as it doesn't seeing to be following the rules laid out above. For more on this special usage of 过 (guò), see the article on using 过 (guò) with 了 (le).

See Also

• Expressing completion with "le"
• Aspect particle "zhe"

Sources and further reading

Books

• A Practical Chinese Grammar For Foreigners (外国人实用汉语语法) (p. 138) →buy
• Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition (pp. 59-60) →buy
• Chinese Grammar Without Tears (简明汉语语法学习手册) (pp. 73-4) →buy
• Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 83- 4) →buy
• Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 345-7) →buy
• Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 2 (pp. 49-51) →buy
• Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide (pp. 76-7, 230-2) →buy
• New Practical Chinese Reader 2 (新实用汉语课本2) (pp. 175-6) →buy
• 40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课上册） (p. 188)→buy

Websites

• ChinesePod: Qing Wen - 过(guo) (free podcast content)