Difference between revisions of "Direction complement "-qilai""

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起来 (qǐlái) comes up very frequently in Chinese and can be used both literally and figuratively. This is a little like the usage of "up" in English which can be used literally, as in "stand up", or figuratively, as in "add up".  
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起来 (qǐlái) comes up very frequently in Chinese and can be used both literally and figuratively. This is a little like the usage of "up" in English, which can be used literally, as in "stand up," or figuratively, as in "add up." When used figuratively, 起来 often serves as  a [[direction complement]].
  
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==Expressing an upward movement:==
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== Basic Meaning ==
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起来 can be used to express an upward movement like "up", as in the English examples of "stand up" or "pick up."
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 +
=== Structure ===
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起来 can be used to express an upward movement like "up," as in the English examples of "stand up" or "pick up."
 +
 
 +
<div class="jiegou">
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Verb + 起来
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</div>
 +
 
 +
=== Examples ===
 +
 
 +
<div class="liju">
 +
 
 +
*请 大家 <strong>站</strong> <em>起来</em> 。<span class="pinyin">Qǐng dàjiā <strong>zhàn</strong> <em>qǐlái</em>.</span><span class="trans">Everyone, please stand up.</span>
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*<strong>捡</strong> <em>起来</em>。<span class="pinyin"><strong>Jiǎn</strong> <em>qǐlái</em>.</span><span class="trans">Pick it up (from the floor).</span>
 +
*头 <strong>抬</strong> <em>起来</em> 。<span class="pinyin">Tóu <strong>tái</strong> <em>qǐlái</em>.</span><span class="trans">Raise your head.</span>
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*别动 ！<strong>把</strong> 手 <strong>举</strong> <em>起来</em> 。<span class="pinyin">Bié dòng! <strong>Bǎ</strong> shǒu <strong>jǔ</strong> <em>qǐlái</em>.</span><span class="trans">Don't move! Put your hands up.</span>
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 +
</div>
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== Used for Initiation of an Action ==
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 +
=== Structure ===
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起来 can also be used to show that an action or state has started and is ongoing:
 +
 
 +
<div class="jiegou">
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Verb / Adj. + 起来 +了
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</div>
 +
 
 +
=== Examples ===
  
 
<div class="liju">
 
<div class="liju">
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* 请大家 <em>站 起来</em> 。 <span class="trans">Please stand up.</span>
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* 快点 把 垃圾 <em>捡 起来</em>。<span class="trans">Quickly pick up the trash.</span>
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*小鸟 飞 <em>起来</em> <strong>了</strong> 。<span class="pinyin">Xiǎoniǎo fēi <em>qǐlái</em><strong> le </strong>.</span><span class="trans">The birds started flying.</span>
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*宝宝 哭 <em>起来</em> <strong>了</strong> 。<span class="pinyin">Bǎobao kū <em>qǐlái</em> <strong>le</strong>.</span><span class="trans">The baby started crying.</span>
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*两 个 大妈 吵 <em>起来</em> <strong>了</strong> 。<span class="pinyin">Liǎng gè dàmā chǎo <em>qǐlái</em> <strong>le</strong>.</span><span class="trans">Two middle-aged ladies started arguing.</span>
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*天气 热 <em>起来</em> <strong>了</strong> 。<span class="pinyin">Tiānqì rè <em>qǐlái</em> <strong>le</strong>.</span><span class="trans">It's getting hot.</span>
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*结婚 以后 ，她 胖 <em>起来</em> <strong>了</strong> 。<span class="pinyin">Jiéhūn yǐhòu, tā pàng <em>qǐlái</em> <strong>le</strong>.</span><span class="trans">After she got married, she has started to gain weight.</span>
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*爷爷 的 身体 好 <em>起来</em> <strong>了</strong> 。<span class="pinyin">Yéye de shēntǐ hǎo <em>qǐlái</em> <strong>le</strong>.</span><span class="trans">Grandpa's health is getting better.</span>
 +
 
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
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==Expressing bringing things together==
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When used like this, 起来 is only used with spontaneous actions, like 唱 (chàng),  跳 (tiào),  聊 (liáo), or with states like 热 (rè),  冷 (lěng), or 好 (hǎo) etc. It cannot be used with planned actions.
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 +
<div class="liju">
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<ul>
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<li class="x">你 几 点 <strong>工作</strong> <em>起来</em> ？<span class="pinyin">Nǐ jǐ diǎn <strong>gōngzuò</strong> <em>qǐlái</em>?</span> </li>
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<li class="o">你 几 点 <em>开始</em> <strong>工作</strong> ？<span class="pinyin">Nǐ jǐ diǎn <em>kāishǐ</em> <strong>gōngzuò</strong>?</span><span class="trans">What time will you start working?</span></li>
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</ul>
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</div>
  
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起来 can be used to express collecting things together, where in English we might say "tidy up", or "add up".
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It can also used as a way to encourage people to start doing something immediately:
  
 
<div class="liju">
 
<div class="liju">
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* 他 把 衣服 都<em>收 起来</em> 了。<span class="trans">He put away his clothes.</span>
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*大家 <strong>唱</strong> <em>起来</em> ，<strong>跳</strong> <em>起来</em> !  <span class="pinyin">Dàjiā <strong>chàng</strong> <em>qǐlái</em>, <strong>tiào</strong> <em>qǐlái</em> !</span><span class="trans">Let's sing and dance, everybody!</span>
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*把 你的 工资 和 奖金 <em>加 起来</em>就知道你这个月的收入了。<span class="trans">Add your salary and bonus together and you'll figure out your income.</span>
 
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* 一个 优秀 的 领袖 会 让 他 的 人民 <em>团结 起来</em>。<span class="trans">An outstanding leader can make his people come together.</span>
 
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
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==Expressing an initial judgement==
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== Used for an Initial Judgement==
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 +
起来 is used here to express that the speaker has only just initiated an action, and based on that, has made a preliminary judgment. It is used in the following structure:
  
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起来 can also be used to express a preliminary judgement. 起来 is used here to express that the speaker has only just initiated an action, and based on that, has made a quick judgement. It is used in the following structure:
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=== Structure ===
  
 
<div class="jiegou">
 
<div class="jiegou">
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Subject + Verb + 起来 + Adjective
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Subj. + Verb + 起来 + Adv. + Adj.
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
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This expresses that the subject seems ''adjective'' when the action of the verb is performed. This structure is frequently used with [[perception verbs]] such as 看, 听, 尝 etc.
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This expresses that the subject seems ''adjective'' when the action of the verb is performed. This structure is frequently used with perception verbs such as 看, 听, 闻, 摸, etc.
  
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Some examples:
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=== Examples ===
  
 
<div class="liju">
 
<div class="liju">
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* 他 <em>看 起来</em> 很 友好。<span class="trans">He looks very friendly.</span>
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* 这件事情<em>听 起来</em> 有点 复杂。<span class="trans">This matter sounds a little bit complex.</span>
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*他 <em>看 起来</em> <strong>很 友好</strong> 。<span class="pinyin">Tā <em>kàn qǐlái</em> <strong>hěn yǒuhǎo</strong>.</span><span class="trans">He looks very friendly.</span>
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* 你点的菜 <em>尝 起来</em> 味道 不错。<span class="trans">The dishes that you ordered tastes good .</span>
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*你 的 头发 <em>闻 起来</em> <strong>很 香</strong> 。<span class="pinyin">Nǐ de tóufa <em>wén qǐlái</em> <strong>hěn xiāng</strong>.</span><span class="trans">Your hair smells good.</span>
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* 这 件 衣服 <em>摸 起来</em> 很 舒服 。<span class="trans">These clothes feel very comfortable.</span>
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*这 件 事情 <em>听 起来</em> <strong>有点 复杂</strong> 。<span class="pinyin">Zhè jiàn shìqing  <em>tīng qǐlái</em> <strong>yǒudiǎn fùzá</strong>.</span><span class="trans">This matter sounds a little bit complex.</span>
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*这些 菜 <em>尝 起来</em> 都 <strong>不错</strong> 。<span class="pinyin">Zhèxiē cài <em>cháng qǐlái</em> dōu <strong>bùcuò</strong>.</span><span class="trans">These foods all taste good.</span>
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*你 的 床 <em>摸 起来</em> <strong>很 舒服</strong> 。<span class="pinyin">Nǐ de chuáng <em>mō qǐlái</em> <strong>hěn shūfu</strong>.</span><span class="trans">Your bed feels very comfortable.</span>
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</div>
 
</div>
  
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==See also==
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== See also ==
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* [[Result complement "xiaqu"|下去]]
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* [[Resultative Complement "chu(lai)"|出来]]
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* [[Result complement "xiaqu"]]
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* [[Advanced result complements]]
 
* [[Direction complement]]
 
* [[Direction complement]]
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* [[Result complements "dao" and "jian"]]
 
 
* [[Appearance with "kanqilai"]]
 
* [[Appearance with "kanqilai"]]
  
 
== Sources and further reading ==
 
== Sources and further reading ==
  
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===Books===
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=== Books ===
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* [[Chinese Grammar - Broken down into 100 items - Basic and Intermediate Levels (汉语语法百项讲练 - 初中级) ]] (pp. 25-31) [http://www.amazon.cn/gp/product/B004WA6JSQ/ref%3das_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-23&linkCode=as2&camp=536&creative=3132&creativeASIN=B004WA6JSQ →buy]
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* [[Boya Chinese Elementary Starter 2 (博雅汉语初经起步篇) ]] (pp. 80)[http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/7301078617/ref%3das_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399373&creativeASIN=7301078617 →buy]
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{{Source|Chinese Grammar - Broken down into 100 items - Basic and Intermediate Levels (汉语语法百项讲练 - 初中级) |25-31}}
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* [[New Practical Chinese Reader 5 (新实用汉语课本5) ]] (pp. 134-5)[http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/7561914083/ref%3das_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399369&creativeASIN=7561914083 →buy]
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{{Source|Boya Chinese Elementary Starter 2 (博雅汉语初经起步篇) |80}}
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*[[40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课下册）]] (pp. 355-6)[http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B001FTL8D8/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B001FTL8D8&linkCode=as2&tag=allset-20 →buy]
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{{Source|New Practical Chinese Reader 5 (新实用汉语课本5) |134-5}}
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* [[Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 2]] (p. 20) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0887276881/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0887276881 →buy]
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{{Source|40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课下册）|355-6}}
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{{Source|Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 2|20}}
 +
{{Source|HSK Standard Course 4下|60}}
 +
{{Source|HSK Standard Course 5上|36}}
  
 
=== Websites ===
 
=== Websites ===
  
 
* Yale: [http://comet.cls.yale.edu/mandarin/content/directional/grammar/direction-3a.htm Extended meaning of some directional complements]
 
* Yale: [http://comet.cls.yale.edu/mandarin/content/directional/grammar/direction-3a.htm Extended meaning of some directional complements]
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{{Basic Grammar|起来|B1|V + 起来|站 <em>起来</em>！说 <em>起来</em> 容易，做 <em>起来</em> 难。|grammar point|ASGBPXOB}}
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{{HSK|HSK4}}
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{{Basic Grammar|起来|B1|Verb / Adj.+ 起来|天气 热 <em>起来</em> <strong>了</strong> 。|grammar point|ASGBPXOB}}
 
{{Rel char|起}}
 
{{Rel char|起}}
 
{{Rel char|来}}
 
{{Rel char|来}}
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{{Similar|Result complements "dao" and "jian"}}
 
{{Similar|Result complements "dao" and "jian"}}
 
{{Similar|Appearance with "kanqilai"}}
 
{{Similar|Appearance with "kanqilai"}}
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{{Similar|Result complement "-cuo"}}
 
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{{Similar|Result complement "-hao"}}
 
 
{{Used for|Expressing result}}
 
{{Used for|Expressing result}}
 
{{Used for|Describing actions}}
 
{{Used for|Describing actions}}
 
{{Used for|Expressing movement}}
 
{{Used for|Expressing movement}}
 
{{Structure|Complements}}
 
{{Structure|Complements}}
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{{Subprop|Result complement}}
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{{Subprop|Direction complement}}

Latest revision as of 04:04, 21 February 2020

起来 (qǐlái) comes up very frequently in Chinese and can be used both literally and figuratively. This is a little like the usage of "up" in English, which can be used literally, as in "stand up," or figuratively, as in "add up." When used figuratively, 起来 often serves as a direction complement.

Basic Meaning

Structure

起来 can be used to express an upward movement like "up," as in the English examples of "stand up" or "pick up."

Verb + 起来

Examples

  • 请 大家 站 起来 。Qǐng dàjiā zhàn qǐlái.Everyone, please stand up.
  • 捡 起来。Jiǎn qǐlái.Pick it up (from the floor).
  • 头 抬 起来 。Tóu tái qǐlái.Raise your head.
  • 别动 ！把 手 举 起来 。Bié dòng! Bǎ shǒu jǔ qǐlái.Don't move! Put your hands up.

Used for Initiation of an Action

Structure

起来 can also be used to show that an action or state has started and is ongoing:

Verb / Adj. + 起来 +了

Examples

  • 小鸟 飞 起来 了 。Xiǎoniǎo fēi qǐlái le .The birds started flying.
  • 宝宝 哭 起来 了 。Bǎobao kū qǐlái le.The baby started crying.
  • 两 个 大妈 吵 起来 了 。Liǎng gè dàmā chǎo qǐlái le.Two middle-aged ladies started arguing.
  • 天气 热 起来 了 。Tiānqì rè qǐlái le.It's getting hot.
  • 结婚 以后 ，她 胖 起来 了 。Jiéhūn yǐhòu, tā pàng qǐlái le.After she got married, she has started to gain weight.
  • 爷爷 的 身体 好 起来 了 。Yéye de shēntǐ hǎo qǐlái le.Grandpa's health is getting better.

When used like this, 起来 is only used with spontaneous actions, like 唱 (chàng), 跳 (tiào), 聊 (liáo), or with states like 热 (rè), 冷 (lěng), or 好 (hǎo) etc. It cannot be used with planned actions.

  • 你 几 点 工作 起来 ？Nǐ jǐ diǎn gōngzuò qǐlái?
  • 你 几 点 开始 工作 ？Nǐ jǐ diǎn kāishǐ gōngzuò?What time will you start working?

It can also used as a way to encourage people to start doing something immediately:

  • 大家 唱 起来 ，跳 起来 ! Dàjiā chàng qǐlái, tiào qǐlái !Let's sing and dance, everybody!

Used for an Initial Judgement

起来 is used here to express that the speaker has only just initiated an action, and based on that, has made a preliminary judgment. It is used in the following structure:

Structure

Subj. + Verb + 起来 + Adv. + Adj.

This expresses that the subject seems adjective when the action of the verb is performed. This structure is frequently used with perception verbs such as 看, 听, 闻, 摸, etc.

Examples

  • 他 看 起来 很 友好 。Tā kàn qǐlái hěn yǒuhǎo.He looks very friendly.
  • 你 的 头发 闻 起来 很 香 。Nǐ de tóufa wén qǐlái hěn xiāng.Your hair smells good.
  • 这 件 事情 听 起来 有点 复杂 。Zhè jiàn shìqing tīng qǐlái yǒudiǎn fùzá.This matter sounds a little bit complex.
  • 这些 菜 尝 起来 都 不错 。Zhèxiē cài cháng qǐlái dōu bùcuò.These foods all taste good.
  • 你 的 床 摸 起来 很 舒服 。Nǐ de chuáng mō qǐlái hěn shūfu.Your bed feels very comfortable.

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Websites



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