Expressing "and" with "he" (advanced)

You probably learned early on that 和 (hé) is used as an "and" word to connect nouns and noun phrases, but not sentences or clauses. This rule is fine for a while but eventually you will begin encountering what appears to be non-nouns linked by 和. This article addresses how you may see 和 used in other ways.

It's worth mentioning that none of these uses of 和 needs to be used. You could do just fine only using 和 to connect nouns and noun phrases, and native speakers may prefer not to use 和 in some of the examples sentences given below. Still, uses like these do exist.

Linking Verbs with 和

Rather than give absolute rules, it's more helpful to give trends, because it's very difficult to provide a rule for using 和 with non-nouns which is never broken. There are just too many gray areas.

In most cases, the following trends apply when 和 is used to connect verbs:

1. The two verbs are very similar in nature. This could include characteristics such as level of formality, structure, and scope. Often you'll find that the verbs even overlap a little in meaning or are frequently used together. Thus 唱歌和跳舞 is natural (both are separable verbs, equally informal, frequently used together), whereas 玩游戏和跑 (the structure of the two is very different) is quite awkward.
2. Both verbs share the same object (e.g. 管理和运营一家公司) or are both modified by the same adverbial phrase (e.g. 进一步地了解和交流).
3. Normally (but not always) both verbs are two-syllable verbs, such as 维护, 修理.

Structure

Verb 1 + 和 + Verb 2

Examples

• 政府 每年 都 会 维护 和 修理 这些 建筑 。Zhèngfǔ měi nián dōu huì wéihù hé xiūlǐ zhèxiē jiànzhù.Every year the government maintains and fixes these buildings.
• 我们 需要 进一步 地 了解 和 交流。Wǒmen xūyào jìnyībù de liǎojiě hé jiāoliú.We must further improve in understanding and communicating.
• 他 十八岁 的 时候 就 管理 和 运营 着 一 家 公司。Tā shíbā suì de shíhòu jiù guǎnlǐ hé yùnyíng zhe yī jiā gōngsī.When he was eighteen years old, he managed and operated a company.
• 这 种 材料 可以 无限 地 回收 和 利用。Zhè zhǒng cáiliào kěyǐ wúxiàn de huíshōu hé lìyòng.This type of material can be endlessly recycled and reused.
• 预防 和 治理 污染 需要 所有 人 共同 的 努力。Yùfáng hé zhìlǐ wūrǎn xūyào suǒyǒu rén gòngtóng de nǔlì.Preventing and regulating pollution requires everyone to work together.

Linking Adjectives with 和

In most cases, at least one of the following trends apply when 和 is used to connect adjectives:

1. The two adjectives do not act as the predicate of the sentence, but instead act as an attributive (coming before a noun), object (coming after a verb), or other sentence element.
2. There will be some kind of modification before the adjectives; they won't just be used "bare"

Structure

Adj. 1 + 和 + Adj. 2

Examples

• 我 就是 喜欢 她 任性 和 调皮，怎么了？Acting as an object 做宾语Wǒ jiùshì xǐhuān tā rènxìng hé tiáopí, zěnme le?I just like her headstrong and mischievous. What's wrong with that?
• 她 那么 单纯 和 天真，你 怎么 可以 这样 对 她？ Modifying the sentence 有修饰成分Tā nàme dānchún hé tiānzhēn, nǐ zěnme kěyǐ zhèyàng duì tā?She is so innocent and naive, how can you treat her like this?
• 她 安静 和 甜美 的 笑容 让 我 觉得 温暖 。Acting as an attributive 做定语Tā ānjìng hé tiánměi de xiàoróng ràng wǒ juéde wēnnuǎn.Her quiet and sweet smile makes me feel warm.
• 这种 恐惧 和 担心 不 是 没有 道理。Modifying the sentence and acting as the subject 有修饰成分，做主语Zhè zhǒng kǒngjù hé dānxīn bù shì méiyǒu dàolǐ.Such worries and fears are not unreasonable.
• 你 什么时候 才 可以 像 他 那样 冷静 和 理性？Modifying the sentence 有修饰成分Nǐ shénme shíhòu cái kěyǐ xiàng tā nàyàng lěngjìng hé lǐxìng?When will you be as calm and rational as he is?

Incorrect uses of 和

Don't forget that in addition to 和, there are all kinds of other ways to express the "and" meaning, such as the words 并, 并且, and 还有, or the patterns 又⋯⋯又⋯⋯ or 既⋯⋯又⋯⋯.

Below are some sentences that don't follow the trends laid out above, and are thus not good sentences.

• 你自私和冷漠，怎么会有人喜欢你？！The adjectives are acting as the predicate, and have nothing modifying them.)
• 你这么自私和冷漠，怎么会有人喜欢你？！Adding a modifier to the adjectives sounds much better.)Nǐ zhème zìsī hé lěngmò, zěnme huì yǒu rén xǐhuān nǐ?!You're so selfish and cold, how could anyone like you?
• 我去了超市和买了水果。You could look at these actions as two separate clauses or verbs with separate objects. Either way, it's bad.)
• 我去了超市，并且买了水果。Here we treated the verbs as separate clauses and used 并且 to connect them.)Wǒ qù le chāoshì, bìngqiě mǎi le shuǐguǒ.I went to the supermarket and bought fruit.
• 你需要买和装杀毒软件。Although the verbs share an object, they're both monosyllabic verbs. While perhaps not blatantly incorrect, this sentence just sounds weird to most Chinese.)
• 你需要购买和安装杀毒软件。They still share the same object, but now the monosyllabic verbs have been converted to disyllabic verbs. Problem solved!)Nǐ xūyào gòumǎi hé ānzhuāng shādú ruǎnjiàn.You need to purchase and install anti-virus software.

See also

• Translations of "and"
• Expressing "in addition" with "haiyou"
• "In addition" as "lingwai"
• Expressing "not only… but also"
• Combining verbs with "bing"

Sources and further reading

Books

• Basic Patterns of Chinese Grammar (pp. 74-5) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy
• Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition (pp. 14-5) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy
• 现代汉语虚词例释 (pp. 236) 卓越汉语－公司实战篇 →buy
• 现代汉语八百词 (pp. 265) 卓越汉语－公司实战篇 →buy
• 实用现代汉语语法 (pp. 317) 卓越汉语－公司实战篇 →buy

Websites

• Sinosplice: Syntactic Anguish of the Verb-Object-Modifier Variety

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