Difference between revisions of "Expressing "and" with "he" (advanced)"

 
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You probably learned early on that 和 (hé) is used as an "[[and]]" word to connect [[noun]]s and noun phrases,  but ''not'' sentences or clauses. This rule is fine for a while but eventually you will begin encountering what appears to be non-nouns linked by 和. This article addresses how you may see 和 used in other ways.
  
You probably learned early on that 和 (hé) is used to connect nouns and noun phrases not mean "[[and]]," but ''not'' sentences. This rule is fine for a while but eventually you will begin encountering what appears to be non-nouns linked by 和. This article addresses when it's grammatically correct to use 和 in other ways.  
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It's worth mentioning that none of these uses of ''needs'' to be ''used''. You could do just fine only using 和 to connect nouns and noun phrases, and native speakers may prefer ''not'' to use in some of the examples sentences given below. Still, uses like these ''do'' exist.
  
 
== Linking Verbs with 和 ==
 
== Linking Verbs with 和 ==
  
<div class="jiegou">
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Rather than give absolute rules, it's more helpful to give trends, because it's very difficult to provide a rule for using 和 with non-nouns which is never broken. There are just too many gray areas.
 +
 
 +
In ''most cases'', the following trends apply when 和 is used to connect verbs:
 +
 
 +
# The two verbs are very similar in nature. This could include characteristics such as level of formality, structure, and scope. Often you'll find that the verbs even overlap a little in meaning or are frequently used together. Thus 唱歌和跳舞 is natural (both are [[separable verb]]s, equally informal, frequently used together), whereas 玩游戏和跑 (the structure of the two is very different) is quite awkward.
 +
# Both verbs share the same object (e.g. 管理和运营一家公司) or are both modified by the same adverbial phrase (e.g. 进一步地了解和交流).
 +
# Normally (but not always) both verbs are two-syllable verbs, such as 维护, 修理.
  
Verb1 + 和 + Verb2
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=== Structure ===
  
 +
<div class="jiegou">
 +
Verb 1 + 和 + Verb 2
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
大多数情况下,由“和”连接的两个动词具有如下特点:
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=== Examples ===
# 是同类词。这里“同类”的意思是指这两个动词所指相似,表述范围基本一致。这是为什么“唱歌和跳舞”听起来是自然的,但是“玩游戏和跑”就很别扭。
 
#是双音节动词。
 
# 两个动词都有一个共同的修饰成分或者有一个共同的宾语。
 
  
 
<div class="liju">
 
<div class="liju">
* 政府 每年 都 会 维护  <em>和</em> 修理 这些 建筑 。
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* 政府 每年 都 会 维护  <em>和</em> 修理 这些 建筑 。<span class="pinyin">Zhèngfǔ měi nián dōu huì wéihù <em>hé</em> xiūlǐ zhèxiē jiànzhù.</span><span class="trans">Every year the government maintains and fixes these buildings.</span>
* 我们 需要 进一步 地 了解 <em>和</em> 交流。
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* 我们 需要 进一步 地 了解 <em>和</em> 交流。<span class="pinyin">Wǒmen xūyào jìnyībù de liǎojiě <em>hé</em> jiāoliú.</span><span class="trans">We must further improve in understanding and communicating.</span>
* 他 十八岁 的 时候 就 管理 <em>和</em> 运营 着 一 家 公司。
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* 他 十八岁 的 时候 就 管理 <em>和</em> 运营 着 一 家 公司。<span class="pinyin">Tā shíbā suì de shíhou jiù guǎnlǐ <em>hé</em> yùnyíng zhe yī jiā gōngsī.</span><span class="trans">When he was eighteen years old, he managed and operated a company.</span>
* 这 种 材料 可以 无限 地 回收 <em>和</em> 利用。
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* 这 种 材料 可以 无限 地 回收 <em>和</em> 利用。<span class="pinyin">Zhè zhǒng cáiliào kěyǐ wúxiàn de huíshōu <em>hé</em> lìyòng.</span><span class="trans">This type of material can be endlessly recycled and reused.</span>
* 预防 <em>和</em> 治理 污染 需要 所有 人 共同 的 努力。
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* 预防 <em>和</em> 治理 污染 需要 所有 人 共同 的 努力。<span class="pinyin">Yùfáng <em>hé</em> zhìlǐ wūrǎn xūyào suǒyǒu rén gòngtóng de nǔlì.</span><span class="trans">Preventing and regulating pollution requires everyone to work together.</span>
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
 
== Linking Adjectives with 和 ==
 
== Linking Adjectives with 和 ==
 +
 +
In ''most cases'', at least one of the following trends apply when 和 is used to connect adjectives:
 +
 +
# The two adjectives often act as an [[attributive]] (coming before a noun), [[object]] (coming after a verb), or other sentence element.
 +
# If the two adjectives act as the [[predicate]] of the sentence, there will be some kind of modifier before the adjectives; they won't just be used "bare"
 +
 +
=== Structure ===
  
 
<div class="jiegou">
 
<div class="jiegou">
 +
Adj. 1 + 和 + Adj. 2
 +
</div>
  
Adj1 + 和 + Adj2
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=== Examples ===
  
 +
<div class="liju">
 +
* 我 就是 喜欢 她 任性 <em>和</em> 调皮,怎么了?<span class="expl">Acting as objects</span><span class="pinyin">Wǒ jiùshì xǐhuan tā rènxìng <em>hé</em> tiáopí, zěnme le?</span><span class="trans">I just like her headstrong and  mischievous. What's wrong with that?</span>
 +
* 她 安静 <em>和</em> 甜美 的 笑容 让 我 觉得 温暖 。<span class="expl">Acting as an attributive</span><span class="pinyin">Tā ānjìng <em>hé</em> tiánměi de xiàoróng ràng wǒ juéde wēnnuǎn.</span><span class="trans">Her quiet and sweet smile makes me feel warm.</span>
 +
* 这种 恐惧 <em>和</em> 担心 不 是 没有 道理。<span class="expl">Acting as subjects, and with modifier 这种</span><span class="pinyin">Zhè zhǒng kǒngjù <em>hé</em> dānxīn bù shì méiyǒu dàolǐ.</span><span class="trans">Such worries and fears are not unreasonable.</span>
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* 你 什么时候 才 可以 像 他 那样 冷静 <em>和</em> 理性?<span class="expl">with modifier 那样</span><span class="pinyin">Nǐ shénme shíhou cái kěyǐ xiàng tā nàyàng lěngjìng <em>hé</em> lǐxìng?</span><span class="trans">When will you be as calm and rational as he is?</span>
 +
* 她 那么 单纯 <em>和</em> 天真,你 怎么 可以 这样 对 她?<span class="expl">Acting as predicate, with with modifier 那么</span><span class="pinyin">Tā nàme dānchún <em>hé</em> tiānzhēn, nǐ zěnme kěyǐ zhèyàng duì tā?</span><span class="trans">She is so innocent and naive, how can you treat her like this?</span>
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
大多数情况下,由“和”连接的两个形容词具有如下特点:
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== Incorrect uses of 和 ==
# 在句中不做谓语,而是做其他句子成分,比如:宾语、定语等。
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# 形容词前面都有修饰成分。
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Don't forget that in addition to 和, there are all kinds of other ways to express the "[[and]]" meaning, such as the words [[并]], [[并且]], and [[还有]], or the patterns [["Both A and B" with "you"|又⋯⋯又⋯⋯]] or [["Both… and…" with "ji...you"|既⋯⋯又⋯⋯]]. Below are some sentences that don't follow the trends laid out above, and are thus not good sentences.
 +
 
 +
In this first group, the "bare" (unmodified) adjectives don't sound good when using 和:
  
 
<div class="liju">
 
<div class="liju">
* 我 就是 喜欢 她 任性 <em>和</em> 调皮,怎么了?<span class="expl">(做宾语)</span>
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<ul>
* 她 那么 单纯 <em>和</em> 天真,你 怎么 可以 这样 对 她?<span class="expl">(有修饰成分)</span>
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<li class="x">你 <strong>自私</strong> <em>和</em> <strong>冷漠</strong>,怎么 会 有 人 喜欢 你 ?!<span class="pinyin">Nǐ <strong>zìsī</strong> <em>hé</em> <strong>lěngmò</strong>, zěnme huì yǒu rén xǐhuan nǐ?!</span></li>
* 她 安静 <em>和</em> 甜美 的笑容让我觉得温暖。<span class="expl">(做定语)</span>
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<li class="o">你 <strong>这么 自私</strong> <em>和</em> <strong>冷漠</strong> , 怎么 会 有 人 喜欢 你 ?!<span class="pinyin">Nǐ zhème zìsī hé lěngmò, zěnme huì yǒu rén xǐhuan nǐ?!</span><span class="trans">You're so selfish and cold, how could anyone like you?</span></li>
* 这种 恐惧 <em>和</em> 担心 不 是 没有 道理。<span class="expl">(有修饰成分,做主语)</span>
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</ul>
* 什么时候 才 可以 像 他 那样 冷静 <em>和</em> 理性?<span class="expl">(有修饰成分)</span>
+
</div>
 +
 
 +
In this second group, using 和 to group two totally different verbs with different objects sounds bad. It's actually better to just drop the 和 completely!
 +
 
 +
<div class="liju">
 +
<ul>
 +
<li class="x">我 <strong>去 了 超市</strong> <em>和</em> <strong>买 了 水果</strong> 。<span class="pinyin">Wǒ <strong>qù le chāoshì</strong>, <em>hé</em> <strong>mǎi le shuǐguǒ</strong>.</span></li>
 +
<li class="o">我 去 了 超市 , 买 了 水果 。<span class="pinyin">Wǒ qù le chāoshì, mǎi le shuǐguǒ.</span><span class="trans">I went to the supermarket and bought fruit.</span></li>
 +
</ul>
 +
</div>
 +
 
 +
Finally, in this last group the verbs share an object, and they're both monosyllabic verbs. While perhaps not blatantly incorrect, this sentence just sounds weird to most Chinese. Using 和 with two-syllable verbs rather than one-syllable verbs sounds more natural:
 +
 
 +
<div class="liju">
 +
<ul>
 +
<li class="q">你 需要 <strong>买</strong> <em>和</em> <strong>装</strong> 杀毒 软件 。<span class="pinyin">Nǐ xūyào <strong>mǎi</strong> <em>hé</em> <strong>zhuāng</strong> shādú ruǎnjiàn.</span></li>
 +
<li class="o">需要 <strong>购买</strong> <em>和</em> <strong>安装</strong> 杀毒 软件 。<span class="pinyin">Nǐ xūyào <strong>gòumǎi</strong> <em>hé</em> <strong>ānzhuāng</strong> shādú ruǎnjiàn.</span><span class="trans">You need to purchase and install anti-virus software.</span></li>
 +
</ul>
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
 
==See also==
 
==See also==
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 +
*[[and|Translations of "and"]]
 
*[[Expressing "in addition" with "haiyou"]]
 
*[[Expressing "in addition" with "haiyou"]]
 
*[["In addition" as "lingwai"]]
 
*[["In addition" as "lingwai"]]
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=== Books ===
 
=== Books ===
  
* [[Basic Patterns of Chinese Grammar]] (pp. 74-5) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1933330899/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399373&creativeASIN=1933330899 →buy]
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{{Source|Basic Patterns of Chinese Grammar|74-5}}
* [[Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition]] (pp. 14-5) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0415372615/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399369&creativeASIN=0415372615 →buy]
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{{Source|Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition|14-5}}
 +
{{Source|现代汉语虚词例释|236}}
 +
{{Source|现代汉语八百词|265}}
 +
{{Source|实用现代汉语语法|317}}
  
 
=== Websites ===
 
=== Websites ===
  
[[Category:B2 grammar points]]
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* Sinosplice: [http://www.sinosplice.com/life/archives/2008/10/13/syntactic-anguish-of-the-verb-object-modifier-variety Syntactic Anguish of the Verb-Object-Modifier Variety]
{{Basic Grammar|和|B2|V1 + 和 + V2|政府 每年 都 会 维护 <em>和</em> 修理 这些 建筑 。|grammar point|NEEDCODE}}
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 +
{{Basic Grammar|和||Verb 1 + 和 + Verb 2|政府 每年 都 会 维护 <em>和</em> 修理 这些 建筑 。|grammar point|ASGXN52R}}
 
{{Similar|Expressing "and" with "he"}}  
 
{{Similar|Expressing "and" with "he"}}  
 
{{Similar|Expressing "in addition" with "haiyou"}}  
 
{{Similar|Expressing "in addition" with "haiyou"}}  
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{{Similar|Expressing "Not Only… But Also"}}  
 
{{Similar|Expressing "Not Only… But Also"}}  
 
{{Similar|Combining Verbs with "bing"}}
 
{{Similar|Combining Verbs with "bing"}}
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{{Similar|Expressing "moreover" with "bingqie"}}
 
{{POS|Conjunctions}}
 
{{POS|Conjunctions}}
 
{{Used for|Listing}}
 
{{Used for|Listing}}
 
{{Translation|and}}
 
{{Translation|and}}

Latest revision as of 02:48, 18 December 2020

You probably learned early on that 和 (hé) is used as an "and" word to connect nouns and noun phrases, but not sentences or clauses. This rule is fine for a while but eventually you will begin encountering what appears to be non-nouns linked by 和. This article addresses how you may see 和 used in other ways.

It's worth mentioning that none of these uses of 和 needs to be used. You could do just fine only using 和 to connect nouns and noun phrases, and native speakers may prefer not to use 和 in some of the examples sentences given below. Still, uses like these do exist.

Linking Verbs with 和

Rather than give absolute rules, it's more helpful to give trends, because it's very difficult to provide a rule for using 和 with non-nouns which is never broken. There are just too many gray areas.

In most cases, the following trends apply when 和 is used to connect verbs:

  1. The two verbs are very similar in nature. This could include characteristics such as level of formality, structure, and scope. Often you'll find that the verbs even overlap a little in meaning or are frequently used together. Thus 唱歌和跳舞 is natural (both are separable verbs, equally informal, frequently used together), whereas 玩游戏和跑 (the structure of the two is very different) is quite awkward.
  2. Both verbs share the same object (e.g. 管理和运营一家公司) or are both modified by the same adverbial phrase (e.g. 进一步地了解和交流).
  3. Normally (but not always) both verbs are two-syllable verbs, such as 维护, 修理.

Structure

Verb 1 + 和 + Verb 2

Examples

  • 政府 每年 都 会 维护 修理 这些 建筑 。Zhèngfǔ měi nián dōu huì wéihù xiūlǐ zhèxiē jiànzhù.Every year the government maintains and fixes these buildings.
  • 我们 需要 进一步 地 了解 交流。Wǒmen xūyào jìnyībù de liǎojiě jiāoliú.We must further improve in understanding and communicating.
  • 他 十八岁 的 时候 就 管理 运营 着 一 家 公司。Tā shíbā suì de shíhou jiù guǎnlǐ yùnyíng zhe yī jiā gōngsī.When he was eighteen years old, he managed and operated a company.
  • 这 种 材料 可以 无限 地 回收 利用。Zhè zhǒng cáiliào kěyǐ wúxiàn de huíshōu lìyòng.This type of material can be endlessly recycled and reused.
  • 预防 治理 污染 需要 所有 人 共同 的 努力。Yùfáng zhìlǐ wūrǎn xūyào suǒyǒu rén gòngtóng de nǔlì.Preventing and regulating pollution requires everyone to work together.

Linking Adjectives with 和

In most cases, at least one of the following trends apply when 和 is used to connect adjectives:

  1. The two adjectives often act as an attributive (coming before a noun), object (coming after a verb), or other sentence element.
  2. If the two adjectives act as the predicate of the sentence, there will be some kind of modifier before the adjectives; they won't just be used "bare"

Structure

Adj. 1 + 和 + Adj. 2

Examples

  • 我 就是 喜欢 她 任性 调皮,怎么了?Acting as objectsWǒ jiùshì xǐhuan tā rènxìng tiáopí, zěnme le?I just like her headstrong and mischievous. What's wrong with that?
  • 她 安静 甜美 的 笑容 让 我 觉得 温暖 。Acting as an attributiveTā ānjìng tiánměi de xiàoróng ràng wǒ juéde wēnnuǎn.Her quiet and sweet smile makes me feel warm.
  • 这种 恐惧 担心 不 是 没有 道理。Acting as subjects, and with modifier 这种Zhè zhǒng kǒngjù dānxīn bù shì méiyǒu dàolǐ.Such worries and fears are not unreasonable.
  • 你 什么时候 才 可以 像 他 那样 冷静 理性?with modifier 那样Nǐ shénme shíhou cái kěyǐ xiàng tā nàyàng lěngjìng lǐxìng?When will you be as calm and rational as he is?
  • 她 那么 单纯 天真,你 怎么 可以 这样 对 她?Acting as predicate, with with modifier 那么Tā nàme dānchún tiānzhēn, nǐ zěnme kěyǐ zhèyàng duì tā?She is so innocent and naive, how can you treat her like this?

Incorrect uses of 和

Don't forget that in addition to 和, there are all kinds of other ways to express the "and" meaning, such as the words , 并且, and 还有, or the patterns 又⋯⋯又⋯⋯ or 既⋯⋯又⋯⋯. Below are some sentences that don't follow the trends laid out above, and are thus not good sentences.

In this first group, the "bare" (unmodified) adjectives don't sound good when using 和:

  • 自私 冷漠,怎么 会 有 人 喜欢 你 ?!zìsī lěngmò, zěnme huì yǒu rén xǐhuan nǐ?!
  • 这么 自私 冷漠 , 怎么 会 有 人 喜欢 你 ?!Nǐ zhème zìsī hé lěngmò, zěnme huì yǒu rén xǐhuan nǐ?!You're so selfish and cold, how could anyone like you?

In this second group, using 和 to group two totally different verbs with different objects sounds bad. It's actually better to just drop the 和 completely!

  • 去 了 超市 买 了 水果qù le chāoshì, mǎi le shuǐguǒ.
  • 我 去 了 超市 , 买 了 水果 。Wǒ qù le chāoshì, mǎi le shuǐguǒ.I went to the supermarket and bought fruit.

Finally, in this last group the verbs share an object, and they're both monosyllabic verbs. While perhaps not blatantly incorrect, this sentence just sounds weird to most Chinese. Using 和 with two-syllable verbs rather than one-syllable verbs sounds more natural:

  • 你 需要 杀毒 软件 。Nǐ xūyào mǎi zhuāng shādú ruǎnjiàn.
  • 你 需要 购买 安装 杀毒 软件 。Nǐ xūyào gòumǎi ānzhuāng shādú ruǎnjiàn.You need to purchase and install anti-virus software.

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Websites

:INVALID"INVALID" is not in the list (HSK0, HSK1, HSK2, HSK3, HSK4, HSK5, HSK6) of allowed values for the "HSK" property.